Vol. 3 No. 6 (2025): Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology | Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

اهم التحديات التي تواجه زراعة وإنتاج البن في اليمن

Evaluation of Genetic Variation in Yemeni Coffee Landraces (Coffea arabica L.) for some Morpho-physiological Traits Related to Drought Resistance

Soltana Mohamed Abdulrahman Enabah, Mahassen Munibari, Amin Al-Hakimi

1241-1258

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.2147

Abstract

This research work comes based on for participatory research methodology between the Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment at Sana'a University, the Participatory Foundation for Research and Dissemination (PFRD) and the Yemeni Association for Sustainable Agriculture Development (YASAD), in which 20 samples of Yemeni Coffee Landraces (YCL) were collected and tested at an early stage and under an environmentally controlled condition in order to highlight the importance of genetic traits related to the ability of the coffee crop to face drought. This requires the existence of genetic variation that researchers rely on in genetic improvement procedures to increase the ability of local varieties to endure biotic and abiotic stresses of which drought and lack of water are at the forefront of these factors. In this study, the results showed that there are significant genetic variation in most of the studied traits, and that calculating the components of genetic, and environmental variances enabled the estimation of the degree of heritability, whose values varied between (9-90%), and enabled the distinction of traits that can be relied on in evaluating genetic resources and selecting local varieties and landraces that can be propagated and cultivated or introduced in breeding and genetic improvement programs to produce varieties that are more tolerant and suitable for drought and water shortages and reduce the effects of current and potential climate changes in the future. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) and clustering analyses have enabled the sorting of genetic groups with multiple traits that have demonstrated genetic variation and characterized the most stable and adapted local landraces under drought conditions in the early stages of plant life, plants have been retained and research and evaluation will continue under agricultural field conditions.

Keywords

Yemeni Coffee Water shortage Heritability Genetic Improvement Local Varieties Climate Change

Prevalence of infectious markers among 200 male blood donors in Sana’a, Yemen.

Prevalence of Infectious Markers among Blood Donors in Sana’a, Yemen: A Cross-Sectional Study

Kholood M. H. Ghlabe, Saad Al-Arnoot, Qais Y. M. Abdullah, Abdulrahman A. Humaid, Wadhah H Edrees, Ahlam M. H. Al-Matry

1259-1265

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.2051

Abstract

Blood transfusion is a vital therapeutic procedure but carries the risk of transfusion-transmissible infections, particularly in resource limited settings. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of infectious markers among voluntary male blood donors in Sana’a, Yemen, Brazil. A total of 200 donors aged 18–60 years were recruited between June 2024 and May 2025 from three major facilities: Al-Kuwait University Hospital, National Blood Transfusion and Research Center, and National Center for Central Public Health Labora-tories in Sana’a City, Yemen. Blood samples were screened for HIV, HBsAg, anti-HBc, HCV, syphilis (Treponema pallidum), and malaria using ELISA and microscopy. Overall, 25 donors (12.5%; 95% CI: 8.6–17.8) were positive for at least one infectious marker. Anti-HBc was the most common (7.0%), followed by malaria (5.5%), while HBsAg and HCV were less frequent (1.5% and 0.5%, respectively), and no cases of HIV or syphilis were detected. Statistical analysis showed significant associations between HCV and shamma use (p = 0.017) and between anti-HBc and educational level (p = 0.006), whereas smoking demonstrated a borderline association with anti-HBc (p = 0.057). No significant relationships were found between malaria or HBsAg and sociodemographic or behavioral variables. The results indicate that exposure to hepatitis B virus and malaria remains the predominant transfusion-related risk in this population, whereas exposure to HIV and syphilis appears negligible. These findings underscore the importance of strengthening donor education, sustaining HBV vaccination and screening programs, and improving malaria prevention strategies to enhance the safety of blood transfusion in Yemen

Keywords

Blood donors Infectious markers Transfusion-transmissible infections Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C virus Sana’a Yemen

A Dynamic Iris Authentication System with One-Time Encoding

Zahra M. Rajeh, Sharaf A. Alhomdy, Fursan Thabit , Khawla A. Maodah

1266-1276

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.1978

Abstract

Biometric features are extensively utilized in real-time applications for unique human identification. Among these, iris recognition stands out as a highly reliable physiological biometric modality. However, traditional iris recognition systems are prone to security vulnerabilities due to their reliance on static encoding techniques. This paper proposes a dynamic iris authentication system that generates a unique One-Time Encoded Iris Code (EIC) per session by combining Gabor filters for texture enhancement and Haar wavelets for compact feature representation. The proposed (EIC) uses matrix rotation, XOR operations, random numbers, and timestamp embedding to ensure security. Formal evaluations, including FAR vs. FRR and Real-or-Random analysis, confirm the system’s resilience, with results showing 7% FAR and 11% FRR. Performance metrics indicate an average processing time of 0.067 seconds and memory usage of 2309.36 KB, demonstrating superior efficiency compared to existing schemes. This work contributes a scalable and secure solution for modern authentication needs. The proposed system offers a secure, scalable solution for applications requiring reliable user authentication, such as smart home environments and secure access systems.

Keywords

Biometric Iris recognition Authentication Security Encoding Decoding Gabor Filter Harr Wavelet.

A Real-Time Hybrid Consensus Framework for IoT Blockchain Networks Using Validator Reputation, Markov Modeling, and Priority Queueing

Ali Ahmed Al-awamy, Nagi Al-shaibany, Eman Ahmed Alawamy

1277-1290

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.1751

Abstract

This paper proposes a hybrid consensus framework specifically designed for real-time Internet of Things (IoT) blockchain networks, where low latency, limited device capacity, and high scalability are critical requirements. Conventional approaches such as Proof of Work (PoW) and PBFT are unsuitable for IoT environments due to their computational overhead, energy consumption, and poor adaptability to heterogeneous devices. Our model integrates Proof of Validation (PoV) with Proof of Reputation (PoR) to select validators in a manner that balances efficiency, security, and decentralization. Transaction processing is modeled through M/M/1 queueing theory to enable priority handling of time-sensitive requests, while validator reputation dynamics are represented using Markov chains to capture state transitions under varying performance conditions. Practical IoT scenarios, including healthcare monitoring and smart transportation, are considered to highlight the relevance of the design. Simulation results demonstrate an average throughput of 1,995.8 transactions per block, latency of 0.0514 seconds, and energy consumption of 8.46 Wh per block. When compared with HB-IoT, HMM-Shard, and Microchain, the proposed framework achieves up to 22% lower latency, 15–30% higher throughput, and 35% better energy efficiency. These findings confirm the potential of the framework to support scalable, secure, and energy-aware blockchain infrastructures for real-time IoT applications.

Keywords

IoT-blockchain, Hybrid Consensus, M/M/1 queue, Markov chains, Energy efficiency.

Distribution of major bacterial genera across different surface types.

Enzymatic Capabilities and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Medical Laboratory Surfaces in Sana’a, Yemen

Ghadeer Al Obahi, Saeed M. Al Ghalibi, Hala J. Al Jobory

1291-1298

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.2004

Abstract

Background: The surfaces of medical laboratories are potential reservoirs of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms, posing a significant biosafety risk. In Yemen, where national surveillance and laboratory biosafety data are limited, the extent of environmental contamination is unknown. This study aimed to provide the first characterization of bacterial flora, their antimicrobial resistance profiles, and virulence-associated enzyme production from isolates on laboratory surfaces in Sana’a.
Methods: In this descriptive microbiological study, 100 surface swabs were collected from ten medical laboratories. Bacterial identification was performed using standard biochemical methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion according to the EUCAST guidelines. The isolates were also screened for protease, lipase, and hemolysin production.
Results: Bacterial growth was detected in 94% (94/100) of the sampled surfaces, with the bioburden dominated by gram-positive bacteria (98.3%), primarily Staphylococcus and Bacillus spp.. The isolates exhibited high resistance rates, including near-universal resistance to ampicillin (100%) and high resistance to clindamycin (>86%) among staphylococci. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected in 15.6% of S.aureus isolates. Many isolates, particularly Bacillus species, exhibit significant enzymatic activity.
Conclusion: Surfaces in medical laboratories in Sana’a harbor a significant bioburden of pathogenic and MDR bacteria, including MRSA, along with isolates with notable enzymatic capabilities. These baseline findings provide crucial data-driven evidence to inform local biosafety policies and highlight the urgent need to integrate environmental surveillance into Yemen’s national AMR action plan.

Keywords

Bacterial Contamination Medical Laboratories Antibiotic Resistance MRSA Multidrug Resistance Staphylococcus Bacillus Environmental Surveillance Yemen

Abdulraqeb Ali Alshami et al. Table 2. Mean ± S.D values of haematological parameters in helminth-infected and non-infected sheep and goats Parameters Sheep Goats Non-infected (n=20) Helminth-infected (n=59) Non-infected (n=20) Helminth-infected (n=41) Hb (g/dl) 11.36±0.02 8.24±0.35* 11.03±1.23 7.39±1.18* PCV (%) 37.16±1.14 23.21±1.10* 35.19±1.16 24.18±0.62* ESR (mm/hr) 0.29±0.52 0.28±0.39 0.28±0.43 0.28±0.47 TEC (x106/ul) 12.85±0.17 8.11±0.19* 13.69±0.37 9.02±0.24* TLC (x103/ul) 8.04±0.70 9.01±0.64 9.11±0.41 10.07±0.12 Neutrophil (%) 34.18±0.76 36.84±0.25 32.41±0.48 34.54±1.36 Lymphocyte (%) 49.61±0.82 51.24±0.91 51.63±0.89 53.66±1.02 Monocyte (%) 3.11±0.79 2.96±0.41 2.84±0.35 2.92±0.43 Eosinophil (%) 3.01±0.38 5.64±0.41* 2.39±0.31 5.52±0.49* Basophil (%) 0.37±0.63 0.22±0.49 0.43±0.57 0.29±0.13 *Values with an asterisk within the same raw are statistically significant (P<0.05). Figure 1. Comparison of Haematologrical Parameters in Helminth-infected and Non-infected Sheep and Goats

Cross-Sectional Study on Clinical and Haemato-Biochemical Profile in Sheep and Goats Infected with Gastrointestinal Helminths in Sana'a Governorate, Yemen

Abdulraqeb Ali Alshami, Abdu-Alraoof Al-shawkany, Saleh A. M. A. ALomaisi, Hamid Ali Alrefaiey, Bashar Saleh Al-Mawti

1299-1305

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.2185

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the clinical and haemato biochemical alterations in sheep and goats infected with gastrointestinal helminths in Sana’a Governorate, Yemen. A total of 140 adult local sheep (n=79) and goats (n=61) were examined during the period from August to December 2024, of which 59 sheep and 41 goats were identified as helminth-infected based on clinical signs and faecal examination, while 20 animals of each species served as controls (non-infected). Blood samples were collected for the analysis of haematological and biochemical parameters. Clinical examination revealed anemia, diarrhea, emaciation, pale mucous membranes, mild fever, and increased pulse rate in infected animals. Parasitological analysis confirmed infections with a range of nematodes, trematodes and cestodes including Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Trichuris, Nematodirus, Fasciola, and Moniezia. Haematological findings showed significantly reduced Hb, PCV, and TEC, with elevated eosinophil counts but no significant changes in ESR, TLC, or other leukocytes. Biochemical analysis demonstrated significant decreases in total protein, albumin, and glucose, accompanied by elevated AST and ALT, while globulin levels remained unchanged. The study concluded that sheep and goats suffering from gastrointestinal helminths showed altered status of clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters. Effective control measures should be managed to prevent those harmful effects of gastrointestinal helminths on small ruminants.

Keywords

Clinical Haemato-biochemical Gastrointestinal helminths Sheep Goats

Enhancing Oxidative Stability of Palm Olein Oil Using Yemeni Red Onion Peels Extract (Allium cepa L.) During Deep-Frying

Talal Abdulrazaq AL-Kawry, Ali Mansour Senan, Abdulbaki Saeed Al-Zaimi, Mushtaq Faisal Al-Afour

1306-1314

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.2000

he net vector field around any closed path with isolated poles depends on what kind of poles they are, either sources or drains. The vector field rotates around the closed path several times until it returns to its original state. This means that the net curvature of space is disappearing and is equal to zero. So, it also decides what kind of isolated poles are in the closed path.

On the Connection Between Lovelock Gravity and the Poincaré-Hopf Index

Obidah Ali A. Alshrafi, Mohammed S. Qusailah, Mohamed K. Al-Motawake, Abdu A. Alkelly

1315-1322

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.2041

Colorimetric detection of leaf aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris.

Effects of Different Concentrations of Leaf Aqueous Extract of Tribulus terrestris L. on the Germination of Economic Seeds

Abeer Ahmed Al-Weshali, Fatima A. Alhadi , Ashar Khalil

1323-1329

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.1560

The Sesame Plant, Seeds, Powder, and Oil.

Fatty Acid Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Yemeni Sesame Seed Oil: An Analytical Study

Mahfoudh M. AL-Hamadi , Anass A. Alnedhary, Mohammed Bashanaini, Murad Bahadi, Fatima A. Murshed, Ranya A. Alalie, Waheeb Bin Frejan

1330-1338

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.1949

Abstract

This study investigates the fatty acid profile and physicochemical properties of sesame seed oil extracted from two regions in Yemen, Marib and Hadhramaut. Oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method with n-hexane as the solvent. The physicochemical parameters analyzed included free fatty acid content (FFA%), acid value (A.V.), iodine value (I.V.), saponification value (S.V.), refractive index (R.I.), density, moisture content, specific gravity (S.g.), and viscosity at 26 °C. The oil yield was 47.5% and 48% for sesame seeds from Marib and Hadhramaut, respectively. The Marib oil exhibited FFA of 3.38 ± 0.01%, A.V of 7.41 ± 0.04 mg NaOH/g, I.V of 99.41 ± 0.10 g I2/100 g, S.g of 197.75 ± 0.50 mg KOH/g, R.I of 1.461 ± 0.01, moisture content of 0.140 ± 0.05%, density of 0.871 ± 0.02 g/mL, S.g of 0.9442 ± 0.03, and viscosity of 31.75 cP. Corresponding values for Hadhramaut oil were FFA 1.21 ± 0.03%, A.V 2.65 ± 0.02 mg NaOH/g, I.V 99.92 ± 0.03 g I2/100 g, S.V 195.93 ± 0.40 mg KOH/g, R.I of 1.477 ± 0.01, moisture content 0.015 ± 0.01%, density 0.863 ± 0.02 g/mL, S.g of 0.951 ± 0.03, and viscosity 29.72 cP. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) were employed to characterize the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the oils. The findings provide valuable insights into the quality and composition of Yemeni sesame oils, highlighting regional variations that may influence their nutritional and industrial applications.

Keywords

Yemeni Sesame Seeds Oil Soxhlet Extraction Physicochemical Properties Fatty Acid Composition FTIR GC-FID

Distribution of Major Chemical Groups Identified in the Extract of Yemeni Red Onion Peels by HPLC.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and HPLC Quantitative Profiling of Phytochemical Compounds in Yemeni Red Onion Peels (Allium cepa L.)

Ali Mansour Senan, Talal Abdulrazaq AL-Kawry, Abdulbaki Saeed Al-Zaimi, Mushtaq Faisal Al-Afour

1339-1346

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.2035

Comparison of Scalability Based GPSR Adaptation Methods

Adapting GPSR Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks: Survey

Yosef A. Abdulmoghni , Sharaf A. Alhomdy, Yahya Al-Ashmoery

1347-1357

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.1687

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this survey is to provide a comprehensive review and evaluation of recent advancements in the Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol, with specific emphasis on special considerations for the individual challenges faced in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), including energy constraints, scalabilitychallenges, reliability, and security.
Methodology: Systematic review of literature was conducted using leading academic databases (e.g., IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Scopus) during 2015-2025. Studies were selected based on pre-specified inclusion criteria with focus on GPSR variants for WSNs aiming at energy efficiency, scalability, reliability, security, or compatibility with emerging technologies.
Key Results: Many GPSR adaptations are enumerated and categorized by survey. Noteworthy trends include utilization of optimization algorithms (e.g., PSO, ACO) and machine learning/AI (e.g., fuzzy logic, deep learning) for improvement in energy efficiency, fault tolerance, and security. Comparative study recognizes trade offs with other adaptation techniques. Significant challenges such as localization accuracy, computational overhead, and issues of practical deployment are expounded upon.
Conclusions: While significant progress has been made in the adaptation of GPSR to WSNs, particularly by AI- based approaches, much remains to be done from the practical implementation and verification aspects beyond simulations. This survey synthesizes current knowledge, identifies research gaps, and suggests future directions based on lightweight security, robust localization, and real-world performance evaluation of current adaptations

Keywords

Internet of Things (IoT) Quality-of-Service (QoS) Deep-Frying WSNs Base Station (BS)

Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Water Requirements and Productivity of Improved Arabic wheat crops in the Sana'a Basin

Hassan Mutahhar Amer, Abdullah Mohammad Yaya, Adel Mohammad Al-Weshali

1358-1377

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.2129

Abstract

The study aimed to analyze the impact of climate change on water requirements and productivity of improved Arabic wheat in the Sana'a Basin, by conducting field experiments for two agricultural seasons (2023-2024 AD) on the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Sana'a University. It included three irrigation treatments: (full irrigation (I1), 75% deficit irrigation (I2), and 50% deficit irrigation (I3) of the full irrigation) using a randomized complete block design. The Aqua Crop model was used for modeling, calibrated with data from the first agricultural season of 2023 and validated with data from the second agricultural season of 2024. The model was validated using three global climate models: CNRM-CM5, GFDL-ESM2M, and EARTH-EC, and two gas emission scenarios: Rcp4.5 and Rcp8.5, for each model, and at an increased and constant CO2 concentration (350 ppm). The study revealed that irrigation treatment (I2) achieved the highest water productivity (WPET) values during the two seasons, ranging from 0.72 to 0.69 tons/m³, respectively. Its water permeability (WPI) ranged from 0.74 to 0.72 tons/m³, respectively. The correlation coefficient (R²) showed high agreement between the calculated and predicted values for grain productivity and biomass for the two seasons, ranging from 99.93 to 100. and (99, 95%) (%), respectively. The grain productivity values for the two seasons were higher in irrigation treatment (I1), ranging between (2.27, 2.52) (tons/ha), respectively, compared to irrigation treatments (I2) and (I3), which ranged between (2.15, 1.95), (1.0, 1.02) (tons/ha), respectively, at a significance level of (0.05). Climate changes recorded an increase in maximum temperatures by 2.47°C for the RCP8.5 scenario and the period 2040–2059, according to the EC-Earth model. Meanwhile, rainfall recorded a decrease of 16.18 mm in the RCP8.5 scenario for the same period and the GFDL-ESM2M model, compared to the reference (historical) period (2005 , 1986) With increased CO₂, irrigation treatment (I1) achieved the highest grain productivity value. (3.24) (tons/ha) according to the RCP8.5 scenario for the period (2020-2039), while under constant CO₂, the lowest value was recorded for irrigation treatment (I3) (0.82) (tons/ha) according to the RCP4.5 scenario for the same period . The highest actual evapotranspiration values were recorded for treatment (I1) at (384.60) (mm) according to the RCP8.5 scenario for the period (2020-2039) under constant CO₂. The lowest values were recorded for treatment (I3) under increasing CO₂, at (266.0 (mm) according to the RCP8.5 scenario for the period (2039-2020 ) The study showed that the experimental site will witness an increase in the productivity of the improved Arabic wheat crop, and assuming an increase in carbon dioxide concentration, this contributes to increased crop productivity.

Keywords

Climate Changes water requirements Production Wheat Crop Aqua Crop

The main types of aquifers, Barkmann et al., [18 ]

Proximity Matters: Spatial Gradient of Bacterial Pollution in Groundwater in the Vicinity of Al Amodi Cemetery in Dhamar City, Yemen

Hadeel K.M. Khalifa, Hala J. Al Jobory, Saeed M. Al Ghalibi

1378-1386

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.2113

Abstract

Public cemeteries are potential sources of contamination by groundwater pathogens. Many settlements in Yemen are located near cemeteries, and rely on groundwater for consumption. However, no information is available on the effect of cemeteries on groundwater quality in Yemen. Therefore, this study, which is the first of its kind in Yemen, aimed to assess the bacteriological and physiochemical quality of groundwater from four wells in proximity to the Al Amody cemetery in Dhamar city, Yemen, with a focus on evaluating potential contamination risks to local communities relying on untreated well water. Water samples were analyzed for total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (HPC), total coliforms, E. coli, fecal indicators, and a range of pathogenic bacteria, along with physicochemical parameters, including pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC). Results revealed severe microbial contamination in wells closest to the cemetery, particularly Well 1 (5 m from the site), where HPC and multiple bacterial indicators—including total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli , Salmonella spp., Vibrio cholerae , Proteus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa —were present at "too numer- ous to count" (TNTC) levels, far exceeding WHO and Yemen standards. Wells 2 (147 m distance) and 3 (323 m distance) showed moderate contamination, with E. coli detected at 55 CFU/mL and 17 CFU/mL, respectively, whereas all bacterial groups were absent in the control well (Well 4, 1,169 m away). Physicochemical analysis indicated TDS and EC levels below the Yemen standard limit (1500 mg/L), although two wells exceeded the WHO guideline (1000 mg/L); pH (7.6–8.3) and temperature (20–28 Â °C) remained within acceptable ranges. These findings confirm that groundwater near cemeteries in areas with permeable soils and high water tables is highly vulnerable to fecal and pathogenic contamination, posing significant public health risks.

Keywords

Groundwater contamination Cemetery leachate Fecal coliforms E. coli Waterborne pathogens

Experience in the maintenance Department

Analyzing Maintenance Strategies and Development of a Model for Strategy Formulation – A Case Study of Cement Industry

Hafed Al Nabhani, Khalil Al-Hatab

1387-1397

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.2171

Abstract

Effective maintenance strategies are critical for ensuring efficiency, reliability, and sustainability in the cement industry, where equipment downtime significantly affect productivity and costs. This study evaluates existing maintenance practices in Yemeni cement factories and proposes an optimized strategy using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A mixed-methods design combined survey data from 118 professionals with case studies from three cement plants. The findings reveal a predominant reliance on Corrective Maintenance (CM) owing to technological and training limitations, while Preventive Maintenance (PM) is inconsistently applied. By contrast, predictive maintenance (PdM) and Proactive Maintenance (PrM), though demonstrably more effective, remain un-derutilized. The AHP model prioritizes key operational criteria—productivity, cost, reliability, and availability and identifies PrM as the highest ranked strategy because of its superior benefits in enhancing reliability and productivity. This research advocates for a phased transition toward PdM/PrM, recommending strategic investments in scalable technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled condition monitoring and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven analytics, alongside government-supported training initiatives. By adapting the AHP framework to a conflict-affected setting, this study provides a replicable blueprint for industries in fragile economies. Future research could expand the AHP model to include environmental and social criteria, apply it across other industrial sectors in Yemen, and conduct longitudinal studies to assess the long-term impact of the recommended strategies.

Keywords

Effective Maintenance Strategies Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Cement Industry Yemen

The variations of the growth rate Λ1 versus the relativistic parameter β0 in the presence of positive/negative heavy ions and for superthermal (κj = 2) and Maxwellian (κj → ∞) electron-positron, with σp = 1, σ = 0.01, δ = 0.5, αh = 0.1, U = 0.1, and Ωc = 0.1

Transverse Instability of Relativistic Ion-Acoustic Solitons in a Magnetized Space Plasmas with Heavy Ions and Superthermal Pair Electrons

Hilal H. AL-Jawhari, Mahmood A. H. Khaled

1398-1407

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.1940

The optical susceptibility as function of photon energy.

Morphological and Optical Analysis of α − Al2O3 : Zn Nanoparticles

Eman Mohammed Ali Nassar, A.H. AL-Hammadi, Yasser Hussein Issa Mohammed

1408-1418

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.1876

llustration of the structure of the studied type of CiBs as it propagates through oceanic turbulence.

The Propagation properties of the average intensity evolution of Whittaker–Gaussian beams in oceanic turbulence

N. Nossir, L. Dalil-Essakali, A. Belafhal

1419-1428

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.2334

Systematic Review of Agile Development Methodologies: Practices, Benefits, Implementation Challenges, and Future Directions

Rania Aleryani, Ayman Alsabry, Emad Alramada

1429-1451

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.1912

Abstract

This systematic review synthesizes findings from 47 peer-reviewed studies to comprehensively assess the core practices, benefits, implementation challenges, and future directions of Agile software development methodologies. The review covers a wide range of frameworks, including Scrum, Kanban, Extreme Programming (XP), Lean, Crystal, DSDM, Feature-Driven Development (FDD), Agile Unified Process (AUP), and Behavior-Driven Development (BDD). Using thematic and comparative analysis, the study identifies recurring practices such as sprint planning, continuous integration, pair programming, WIP limits, and test-driven development, which significantly contribute to improved software quality and delivery efficiency. The results indicate that Agile methodologies consistently enhance team collaboration, stakeholder engagement, and adaptability to changing requirements, especially in dynamic environments. Case studies from sectors such as education, healthcare, government, and e-commerce further demonstrate the practical benefits and adaptability of these approaches. However, organizations face several persistent challenges, including cultural resistance, lack of skilled practitioners, stakeholder misalignment, and scalability limitations when applying Agile at scale. The review emphasizes the importance of context-aware methodology selection and customization, and highlights a growing shift towards hybrid models that combine Agile with traditional approaches to better address complex, high-risk, or regulated projects. Finally, the study identifies emerging trends such as Agile–DevOps integration, the application of Agile beyond software development, and the use of technology-driven collaboration and automation tools. These findings provide a practical foundation for practitioners and researchers seeking to optimize Agile adoption and sustain long term development success.

Keywords

Agile Development Scrum Kanban Extreme Programming (XP) Lean Methodology Software Engineering Adaptability Collaboration Software Quality Implementation Challenges

From Algorithms to Applications: A Review of AI-Based Face Recognition and Identity Verification

Rusul Hussein Hasan , Rasha Majid Hassoon, Inaam Salman Aboud

1452-1459

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.2286

Abstract

Face recognition and identity verification are now critical components of current security and verification technology. The main objective of this review is to identify the most important deep learning techniques that have contributed to the improvement in the accuracy and reliability of facial recognition systems, as well as highlighting existing problems and potential future research areas. An extensive literature review was conducted with the assistance of leading scientific databases such as IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink and covered studies from the period 2015 to 2024. The studies of interest were related to the application of deep neural networks, i.e., CNN, Siamese, and Transformer-based models, in face recognition and identity verification systems. Deep learning-based approaches have been shown through cross-sectional studies to improve recognition accuracy under diverse environmental and demographic conditions. Anti-counterfeiting (Anti-Spoofing) and real presence detection features integrated into systems have likewise enhanced system security against advanced attacks such as 3D masks, false images and videos, and Deepfake technology. Future trends point to the need to develop deep, multi-sensory and interpretable learning models, and adopt learning strategies based on limited data, while adhering to legal and ethical frameworks to ensure fairness and
transparency.

Keywords

Face Recognition Identity Verification Deep Learning Anti-Spoofing Biometric Authentication

Prevalence of ESBL Production among Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates (n=155).

Phenotypic Detection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Uropathogenic E. coli Isolated in Sana'a City, Yemen

Ashwaq Ali Hezam Qasem Al-Arosi, Anas Ahmad Al-Mahbashi

1460-1466

2025-12-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.2096

Abstract

Background: Urinary tract infections pose a significant public health challenge in Yemen, exacerbated by the emergence of extended spectrum -lactamase-producing uropathogenic E. coli. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of extended-spectrum -lactamase-producing uropathogenic E. coli in Sana’a City.
Methods: A cross-sectional study collected 359 urine samples from two major hospitals in Sana’a. Uropathogenic E. coli isolates were identified using standard methods, and ESBL production was confirmed phenotypically using the double-disk synergy test. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined via Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion
Results: Of the samples, 155 (43.1%) were positive for uropathogenic E. coli, with 41.9% (65/155) confirmed as ESBL producers. These isolates exhibited high resistance to ampicillin, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones. Amikacin and meropenem remained the most effective antibiotics. Extended-spectrum -lactamase-producing uropathogenic E. coli infections showed significant associations with comorbidities including diabetes, heart disease, and urinary tract deformities (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The high prevalence of multidrug-resistant extended spectrum -lactamase-producing uropathogenic E. coli among Yemeni urinary tract infection in Sana’a city underscores the urgent need for routine susceptibility testing and antimicrobial stewardship programs to guide treatment and preserve effective antibiotics.

Keywords

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Sana'a, Yemen

DSA Mechanism in Cognitive Radio for IoT

A Conceptual Blockchain Architecture for Dynamic Spectrum Access in 6G CR-IoT Networks: An Analytical Review

NASSMAH Y. AL-MATARI , AMMAR T. ZAHARY

1467-1480

2025-12-31

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.1953

Abstract

Even though 6G networks will provide not just terabit-level throughput and sub-millisecond-level latency but also connect exponentially more devices, the explosive growth of IoT applications is fueling an unprecedented demand for wireless spectrum. Traditional, static allocation schemes can’t keep up with this scale and dynamism, leading to underuse and conflict. Most blockchain solutions for dynamic spectrum access lack robust security measures against emerging quantum-era threats and do not incorporate quantum-resistant cryptography, which is essential in future 6G environments. In this research article, we propose a five-layer conceptual blockchain architecture to enable DSA in 6G cognitive radio IoT networks, combining a permissioned PBFT blockchain with quantum secure cryptography (ECC and QKD), smart contracts, edge-computing nodes, and AI-driven spectrum intelligence, the architecture integrates trust management, quantum-safe cryptography, and intelligent decision-making to ensure reliable spectrum access in future 6G environments. The system model, layered architecture, and associated security and consensus mechanisms are presented. While implementation remains future work, this conceptual design offers a strong theoretical foundation for building robust, secure, and scalable spectrum management systems in next-generation wireless networks.

Keywords

Blockchain DSA 6G Cognitive Radio IoT Smart Contracts PBFT Consensus Quantum-Secure Cryptography

Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

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