Objective: The aim of this survey is to provide a comprehensive review and evaluation of recent advancements in the Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol, with specific emphasis on special considerations for the individual challenges faced in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), including energy constraints, scalabilitychallenges, reliability, and security.
Methodology: Systematic review of literature was conducted using leading academic databases (e.g., IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Scopus) during 2015-2025. Studies were selected based on pre-specified inclusion criteria with focus on GPSR variants for WSNs aiming at energy efficiency, scalability, reliability, security, or compatibility with emerging technologies.
Key Results: Many GPSR adaptations are enumerated and categorized by survey. Noteworthy trends include utilization of optimization algorithms (e.g., PSO, ACO) and machine learning/AI (e.g., fuzzy logic, deep learning) for improvement in energy efficiency, fault tolerance, and security. Comparative study recognizes trade offs with other adaptation techniques. Significant challenges such as localization accuracy, computational overhead, and issues of practical deployment are expounded upon.
Conclusions: While significant progress has been made in the adaptation of GPSR to WSNs, particularly by AI- based approaches, much remains to be done from the practical implementation and verification aspects beyond simulations. This survey synthesizes current knowledge, identifies research gaps, and suggests future directions based on lightweight security, robust localization, and real-world performance evaluation of current adaptations
![Sample GRP Architecture [22]](https://journals.su.edu.ye/public/journals/5/submission_2341_2341_coverImage_en_US.png)
![Satellite image of the study area (Sentinel-2, [11])](https://journals.su.edu.ye/public/journals/5/submission_1987_1987_coverImage_en_US.jpg)
