Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

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ISSN 2958-9568 Monthly Est. 2023

SUJAST

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Announcement for International Researchers

2025-02-23

Sana’a University Press is pleased to announce free publication in Sana’a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology for the year 2025 - 2026. This initiative aims to encourage scientific research and foster international collaboration.

Vol. 4 No. 9 (2026): Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

Current Issue

Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

Vol. 4 No. 9 (2026)

2026-09-28

11 Articles

The Fourth Volume – The Ninth Issue of the Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

Article

11 Articles

Macro-F1 for the main synthetic anomaly-detector comparison.

NFGA-LINEAR: An Explainable Neuro-Fuzzy Genetic Framework for Forecasting Anomaly-Affected Data-Scarce Time Series

Muneef Abdulkareem Farea Ahmed, Ahmed Al-Shalabi

2428-2440

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3303

Abstract

Reliable forecasting becomes particularly challenging when a time series is short, nonlinear, and contaminated by occasional, abnormal observations. We develop NFGA-LINEAR, an interpretable Takagi–Sugeno–Kang neurofuzzy framework in which a genetic algorithm jointly determines the number of rules and optimizes Gaussian antecedents and rule-specific linear consequents. A robust residual-based procedure was incorporated for anomaly detection. The framework was assessed using weekly data from the Cholera, ILINet, and household electricity series using a leakage-controlled, one-step-ahead walk-forward design. XGBoost, LSTM, NFGA Core, and NFGA-LINEAR were evaluated using ten matched random seeds, whereas deterministic methods were summarized through single-run descriptive comparisons. Performance was dataset-dependent: Persistence produced the lowest RMSE for Cholera, ARIMA ranked first for ILINet, and Prophet and XGBoost differed by only approximately 1.1 × 10⁻⁶ RMSE on Electricity. In the prespecified matched ablation, replacing the constant consequents of NFGA-Core with local linear consequents lowered the mean RMSE by 69.0%, 40.2%, and 4.5% for Cholera, ILINet, and Electricity, respectively. Exact Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, followed by Holm correction across the three primary comparisons, gave adjusted p values of 0.0059, 0.0059, and 0.0371. Under synthetic anomaly- injection rates of 5% and 10%, NFGA-LINEAR achieved the highest macro-F₁ for Cholera and ILINet, whereas Prophet performed best on Electricity. Fixed-model NFGA-LINEAR inference required approximately 0.081–0.110 ms per observation, with an approximate stored parameter representation of 1.9 2.8 KB. These findings position NFGA-LINEAR as a compact and transparent accuracy–complexity compromise while confirming that neither its forecasting nor detection performance is uniformly superior across datasets.

Keywords

Neuro-Fuzzy Systems Genetic Algorithm Time Series Forecasting Data Scarcity Anomaly Detection.

Influence of Nano Cu2O additions on some physical properties of Sn-9Zn melt-spun solder alloy

Ahmed Al-jarbani, Shakib Alsowidy

2441-2449

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3005

Abstract

X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and surface deformation resistance (Vickers hardness HV) measurements have been used to examine the influence of Cu₂O nanoparticles on some physical characteristics of the Sn-9Zn eutectic melt-spun solder alloy at various concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 wt.%. Five compositions of Sn-9 wt.% Zn-x wt.% Cu₂O (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5) were prepared from Sn, Zn elements, and Cu₂O nanoparticles with a purity of 99.99% using melt-spinning method. XRD and SEM results indicated that adding Cu₂O nanoparticles to the Sn-9Zn solder alloy produces a fine and high homogeneity microstructure. This is due to the grain boundary pinning effect by Cu₂O nanoparticles, which are dispersed in the solder matrix, causing a uniform microstructure. DSC results exhibited that, as more Cu₂O nanoparticles were added, thermal stability and a higher melting temperature were observed. Vickers hardness (HV) examinations showed that, Cu₂O additives enhance the surface resistance for the plastic indentation with different loads. Just as with 25 gf, the smallest value is 5.5 HV without Cu₂O content, while the highest value is 14.8 HV at 1 wt.% Cu₂O content. This observation is because Cu₂O nanoparticles increase structure density, which agrees with the SEM results.

Keywords

Eutectic Sn-9Zn, Cu2O nanoparticles Melt- spun process Microstructure stability Thermal properties Vickers hardness.

A) Morphological Parts of the Opuntia fiscus-indica, B) fruit pulp

Antioxidant Profiling of Yemeni Varieties of Opuntia ficus-indica Pulp: Method Optimization, Validation, and Regional Evaluation

Lebnan A. H. Al-tnobi, Mahfoudh M. AL-Hamadi, Anass A. Alnedhary, Taiseer H. Al-Hoded

2464-2474

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3123

The Therapeutic Effect of Olive Oil and Sheep Tallow on Liver Alterations Linked to Induced Atherosclerosis in Male Albino Rats

Bushra Yahya Hassan AL-Khatib, Arwa Ali AL-Subari

2475-2486

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3299

Abstract

Background: Atherosclerosis is a chronic, multifactorial disease characterized by the accumulation of lipid-rich plaques within the arterial endothelium, frequently resulting in multi-organ morbidity. Given the central role of the liver as the primary metabolic hub for lipid homeostasis, this study investigated the therapeutic potential of olive oil (OO) and sheep tallow (ST) in mitigating atherosclerosis-associated hepatic structural and functional alterations.
Methodology: Atherosclerosis was experimentally induced in rats using an atherogenic diet (AGD). The subjects were randomized into six equal groups (n = 7 rats/group): normal baseline control, atherogenic positive control, untreated atherogenic negative control, and three experimental groups treated with simvastatin, ST, or OO. This study evaluated the serum lipid profiles, hepatic protein concentrations, and liver enzyme activities, along with comprehensive histopathological examinations of the hepatic tissues.
Results: AGD administration induced marked dyslipidemia and hepatic dysfunction. However, therapeutic interventions with OO and ST substantially ameliorated the disrupted serum lipid profiles. Furthermore, serum total protein and globulin levels exhibited highly significant improvements (p < 0.0001) following OO and ST administration. The elevated hepatic enzyme activities characteristic of atherogenic injury were significantly attenuated by both dietary fats, most notably by alanine aminotransferase (ALT; p < 0.0001). Histomorphological evaluations confirmed that OO and ST treatments promoted significant hepatocellular repair, considerably reducing necrosis, vacuolation, degeneration, and inflammatory infiltration, which were mainly observed in the untreated atherogenic group.
Conclusion: OO and ST administration in experimental rats exerted therapeutic and hepatoprotective effects, effectively restoring lipid homeostasis and ameliorating functional and structural hepatic alterations induced by atherosclerosis.

Keywords

Atherosclerosis Dyslipidemia Hepatoprotective Histopathology Liver protein Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) Olive oil Sheep tallow Wistar albino rats.

Top five OHS management success factors based on RII.

Identifying the Key Factors Affecting the Success of Occupational Health and Safety Management during the Implementation of Construction Projects for NGOs in Sana’a, Yemen

Ebtesam M. H. Al-Maance, Fadhl A. S. Al-Nozaily, Tarek A. Barakat

2487-2496

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.2942

Abstract

The critical role of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) management in supporting construction project success is especially evident in fragile contexts such as Yemen. This study identifies the key factors affecting the success of OHS management during the implementation of construction projects executed by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Sana’a and explores the main challenges that hinder effective implementation. A quantitative design was employed using a closed-ended questionnaire derived from the requirements of ISO 45001:2018, which was distributed to professionals involved in NGO construction projects. Participants were selected through purposive (non-probability) sampling methods. A total of 384 questionnaires were distributed, and 171 valid responses were received and included in the analysis, yielding a response rate of 44.5%. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software. The instrument demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.972). The results indicate that top management commitment, strengthening the OHS culture, and allocating adequate resources are the most influential factors associated with successful OHS management. The most critical implementation challenges were related to the social and cultural context and the provision of personal protective equipment. This study recommends institutionalizing ISO 45001-based OHS management systems in NGO construction projects, strengthening leadership accountability, and ensuring adequate resourcing, training, and monitoring to improve OHS performance in construction projects in Yemen.

Keywords

Occupational health and safety management systems (OHSMS) ISO 45001 NGO construction projects Yemen Implementation barriers Resource allocation OHS culture

Overall SAM-MATLAB simulation and supervisory-control workflow.

Fuzzy Supervisory Tracking Control for a Solar-Tower CSP Plant with an Equivalent-Area Pentagonal Heliostat Field: A Case Study of Al Hudaydah, Yemen

Hajer Ali Al-Maqaleh, Radwan Al-Bouthigy, Abdul Malik Momin

2497-2507

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3282

Abstract

Heliostat tracking deviation is one of the optical factors that becomes more visible when the performance of a solar-tower CSP plant is examined over a full year. In this paper, a 100 MW molten-salt solar-tower plant with 8 hours of thermal storage in Al Hudaydah, Yemen, was studied. A baseline annual run was generated in SAM, and the 8760 hourly outputs were then used in MATLAB to compare conventional tracking with PID and Mamdani fuzzy supervisory tracking. The angular-error model was not taken from field measurements; it was introduced as a common simulation disturbance so that the three cases could be compared under the same plant data. The PID and fuzzy supervisors were given the same correction limit, and electricity produced from stored heat was kept in the annual output. Since SAM does not directly resolve the pentagonal mirror shape, the field was treated through equivalent area and optical parameters. According to the fuzzy supervisor, the annual results showed that, in the higher energy output, the generation increased from 384.91 GWh to 389.95 GWh. Reaching 388.05 GWh, PID controller main advantage appeared in the tracking-error response as the variation decreased. Accordingly, fuzzy supervision is suitable for annual generation while PID is better for tracking stability.

Keywords

Concentrated Solar Power Solar Tower Heliostat Tracking Fuzzy Logic Control Pentagonal Heliostat MATLAB/Simulink System Advisor Model.

Sequential six-state finite state machine (FSM) of the UCT system.

Smooth Planning of Catch-to-Throw Movements for Robotics Systems Through Continuous C1 Trajectory Generation and State-Conditioned Release.

Mohammed Almanari, Adel Rawea, Abdullah Dhayban

2508-2517

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3285

Abstract

Traditional robotic catching and throwing process chains, often create a pause time of more than 300 ms by dividing catching and throwing into two consecutive steps, and inadequately utilize the post-grasping kinetic state. This paper presents a unified catching and throwing (UCT) process framework that eliminates this discontinuity by using the joint position and velocity (q_c, v_c) measured during grasping confirmation as the initial condition for a Hermite-type piecewise cubic launch trajectory. A six-state finite automaton coordinates the sequence, transitioning from catching to launch in less than 5 ms while maintaining continuity (C¹) to avoid velocity discontinuities. The gripper dynamics are represented by a first-order hold profile, and a Jacobian-based release velocity is coupled to a ballistic flight model for target prediction. The framework was evaluated in over 150 Drake simulations using a KUKA IIWA 14 manipulator. The results showed an overall success rate of 87.3%, an active cycle time of 0.854 s, and an average throw error of 41 mm at a target distance of 2.5 m. Compared to a reference analytical sequential method, the UCT framework reduced the cycle time by 34%, with the improvement primarily due to the elimination of the stop-start phase between capture and throw. The proposed framework is positioned as a practical level 2.5 architecture within a five-level taxonomy of capture-to-throw integration and provides a basis for future hardware implementation of continuous dynamic manipulation.

Keywords

Catch-throw C1 continuity Cubic Hermite polynomial Jacobian velocity mapping Finite state machine KUKA LBR iiwa manipulator Drake simulation.

Distribution of attack categories in the experimental dataset. Percentages are based on 240 controlled attack executions and should not be interpreted as a universal distribution of Wi-Fi attacks

An Analytical Framework for Wi-Fi Network Attacks and Protection Techniques.

Mohammed Ameen Saleh Al-Bareda

2518-2532

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.2816

Abstract

Wireless networking technologies have become a foundational element of today’s digital infrastructure, yet their open transmission nature exposes them to a wide spectrum of security threats . This paper introduces an empirically-validated analytical framework for examining Wi-Fi attack techniques and assessing corresponding defense mechanisms, with emphasis on protocol weaknesses and layered protection models. Multiple attack categories—including passive interception, Man-in-the-Middle manipulation, management frame abuse, password-guessing attacks, and rogue access point scenarios—are examined through controlled experimental validation across four protocol generations.
The proposed framework connects attack behaviors to protocol design limitations across legacy and modern standards, including WEP, WPA, WPA2, and WPA3. Modern countermeasures—such as SAE authentication, Protected Management Frames, wireless intrusion detection platforms, and segmented network architectures—are evaluated using empirical data from 240 controlled attack executions in a dedicated wireless testbed .The experimental results demonstrate that WPA3-SAE provides complete resistance to offline dictionary attacks (0% success rate vs. 90% for WPA2-PSK) and key reinstallation attacks (0% vs. 95% for unpatched WPA2), while layered defense strategies reduce overall attack success by 94% compared to protocol-only protection The study highlights that sustainable wireless protection requires a multi-layer defensive strategy that combines protocol hardening, monitoring, and enforcement policies .

Keywords

Wireless Security Wi-Fi Attacks Encryption Protocols Man-in-the-Middle Denial-of- Service (DoS) WPA3 Intrusion Detection Cyber Threat Intelligence Network Security.

الشكل 1. منطقة الدراسة واماكن اخذ العينات من مكب نفايات الازرقين، صنعاء، اليمن

التوصيف الجيوكيميائي وتقييم المخاطر البيئية لعصارة مكب الأزرقين باستخدام مؤشر التلوث (LPI) والتحليل الإحصائي متعدد المتغيرات

فؤاد محمد احمد الشويع, عبد الرحمن عبد العزيز صلاح

2533-2561

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3119

Abstract

تعتبر البيانات عن جودة عصارة مكب الازرقين في صنعاء شبة معدومة. تهدف هذه الدراسة الى سد هذه الفجوة واجراء توصيف جيوكيميائي شامل لتلك العصارة. تم جمع خمس عينات تمثل جميع مواقع العصارة في المكب وقياس المؤشرات الفيزيائية والكيميائية مثل pH، EC، TDS، TOC، TKN، والعناصر الاساسية والثقيلة مثل K، Ca، Mn، Fe، Zn، Cu، As، U، Pb وNi بتقنية TXRF. كما تم حساب مؤشر تلوث العصارة (LPI)، واجراء التحليل العنقودي الهرمي (HCA). تشير النتائج الى ان المكب لم يصل بعد الى المرحلة الميثانية المستقرة، حيث احتوت العصارة على مستويات عالية من الحمل العضوي والاملاح والعناصر الأساسية والثقيلة مع قيم pH تميل الى الحمضية. كما كشف التحليل بتقنية TXRF عن مستويات مرتفعة من النيكل واليورانيوم في معظم العينات. في العينة 5 المأخوذة من المستنقع الرئيسي أسفل المكب، تجاوزت كلا من TDS، COD، TKN، Fe، Ni، As وCu المعايير اليمنية المقترحة لتصريف المياه الملوثة الى البيئة بتراكيز بلغت 25100، 10875، 2242، 28.155، 9.3، 0.828 و0.257 ملجم/لتر على الترتيب. بناء على قيم LPI التي تراوحت بين 24.57 و32.76 متجاوزة القيمة 7.378 المسموح بها للتصريف الامن في المجاري المائية، تصنف عصارة مكب الازرقين على انها عصارة عالية الخطورة وقد تشكل تهديدا خطيرا على مصادر المياه الجوفية والبيئة المحيطة. كما كشف التحليل التجميعي الهرمي HCA عن ارتباط الحمل العضوي بالعناصر الثقيلة ودوره المحتمل في جعلها اكثر قابلية للحركة. تمثل هذه الدراسة اول توصيف جيوكيميائي لعصارة مكب الازرقين، وتوفر بيانات مرجعية تدعم متخذي القرار لوضع برامج المراقبة والمعالجة المناسبة. كما توصي باجراء دراسات مستقبلية تشمل التغيرات الموسمية وتقييم التأثيرات المحتملة للعصارة على المياه الجوفية والتربة المحيطة.

Keywords

عصارة مكب النفايات مؤشر تلوث العصارة (LPI) العناصر الثقيلة التحليل العنقودي الهرمي (HCA) تقييم المخاطر البيئية مكب نفايات الازرقين صنعاء اليمن

An Integrated Framework to Enhance Penetration Testing for ICT Market Applications

Abdulrahman Mohammed Abdulrahman Ahmed Abutaleb

2562-2574

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.2857

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Abstract

The increasing complexity of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems has created significant challenges for cybersecurity professionals in ensuring comprehensive security assessments. Traditional penetration testing methodologies (e.g., PTES, OWASP WSTG, NIST SP 800-115) often lack systematic integration of modern threat intelligence and fail to address the unique requirements of diverse ICT market applications. This research proposes the IPTF framework, an integrated seven-phase penetration testing methodology designed to enhance security assessment effectiveness across e-commerce web applications and mobile banking platforms. The framework integrates pre-engagement reconnaissance, threat modeling, scanning and enumeration, vulnerability assessment, exploitation, post-exploitation, and comprehensive remediation reporting into a cohesive methodology. Through practical implementation in two distinct case studies, the framework demonstrated significant improvements in vulnerability detection rates, assessment efficiency, and remediation guidance quality. Case Study 1 focused on an e-commerce web application, revealing 47 vulnerabilities including 8 critical issues spanning authentication, payment processing, injection, and access control. Case Study 2 examined an Android mobile banking application, identifying 42 vulnerabilities with 7 critical findings in secure storage and API communications. The framework achieved 94% vulnerability detection accuracy and reduced assessment time by 33% compared to traditional PT methodologies (baseline: PTF by TrustedSec, integrating PTES, OWASP WSTG, and NIST SP 800-115). This research contributes to the field by providing a practical, repeatable, and comprehensive penetration testing methodology that addresses current gaps in ICT security assessment practices. The framework’s modular design allows adaptation to various ICT market segments while maintaining methodological rigor and practical applicability.

Keywords

Penetration Testing Integrated Penetration Testing Framework (IPTF) ICT Security ICT market applications e-commerce web application

Rigorous Spectral Analysis of a Schrödinger Operator with Fractional and Logarithmic Perturbations: Fixed-Point Formulation and Explicit Constants

Osama A. H. AL-Dahyani, Abdu A. Alkelly

2575-2611

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3539

Abstract

We present a complete spectral analysis of the Schrödinger operator
O0 = − d²/dx²+ μ(μ + 1)/x² + ω²x²
on the half-line L²(0, ∞), perturbed by two unbounded terms: a fractional power O^σ₀ with 0 < σ < 1, and a logarithmic term γ log x. We first prove the complete spectral analysis of O0 via reduction to Laguerre’s equation, and establish that the minimal, maximal, and Friedrichs operators coincide (the limit-point property at both endpoints). We then prove relative boundedness of both perturbations with relative bound zero, and apply the Kato–Rellich theorem to obtain self-adjointness of the full operator, with purely discrete spectrum.
We provide an explicit closed-form formula for the logarithmic matrix elements V^log_mn = ⟨ψm, log x ψn⟩ in terms of the digamma function, prove a uniform bound |V^log_n,n+r | ≤ 1/(2|r|), and derive the complete second-order expansion of the eigenvalues, which includes both a logarithmic term −α(log n + γE − log 2)/(16ωH^∗_n (n + 1)²) with αμ + 1/2 and an algebraic term −λπ²σ(1 − σ)(4ωn)^σ−2/(24H²_n).
Next we develop a fixed-point formulation on the weighted Banach space Z′ ₂, where we prove contraction of the operator B_n(F) with constant 0.032, and obtain an exact implicit equation
En = e_n + γV^log_nn + F_n, F_n = Φ_n(F_n), with Lip(Φ_n) ≤ 2.95 × 10⁻⁶ and |F_n| ≤ 1.26 × 10⁻⁵ω. We further establish: (i) analyticity of E_n(λ, γ) in a neighborhood of (0, 0) with radius ρ = min(Λ_gap/2, ω/175); (ii) a rigorous second-order expansion with both algebraic and logarithmic corrections; (iii) generalization of the composite gap to all σ ∈ (0, 1).
All constants are explicit and numerically usable. The case n = 0 is treated separately due to the index constraint s ≥ 1.

Keywords

Schrödinger operator discrete spectrum fractional perturbation logarithmic perturbation Kato–Rellich theorem fixed-point formulation explicit constants

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