Materials Science Physics

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Materials Science Physics رمز "تم التحقق منها بواسطة المنتدى"

Effect of the Cu additions on the structure of the soldered (96.5- x)Sn - (3.5)Ag -(x)Cu alloy with x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 wt % There is none

Amtalsabowr A.AL-Thamari, A.H.Al-Hammadi, Ibrahim G.H. Loqman, Ahmed.M.A.Haider

2254-2264

2026-06-28

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i6.2827

Abstract

The microstructural characteristics of solder alloys critically determine their mechanical performance and reliability in high precision electronic applications. These characteristics including phase distribution, grain size, and intermetallic compound (IMC) formation govern the alloy’s response to thermal and mechanical stresses. Precise control of IMCs such as Cu₆Sn₅ and Ag₃Sn, along with uniform fine grains, enhances toughness, creep resistance, and reduces fracture susceptibility. In this study, the effect of low copper additions (0.2–1 wt %) on the (96.5- x) Sn − 3.5Ag − xCu alloy was systematically investigated through a combination of XRD and SEM analyses. The results reveal a clear dependence of crystallite size, dislocation density, and IMC distribution on copper content and identify the optimal Cu concentration for stabilizing the β -Sn phase while improving mechanical properties. These findings provide a detailed understanding of microstructural evolution under low-Cu alloying, offering insights not addressed in previous studies.

Keywords

solder lead-free XRD Eutectic Sn-3.5Ag-Cu solder Alloy SEM.
How to Cite This Article
Amtalsabowr A.AL-Thamari, A.H.Al-Hammadi, Ibrahim G.H. Loqman, Ahmed.M.A.Haider (2026). Effect of the Cu additions on the structure of the soldered (96.5- x)Sn - (3.5)Ag -(x)Cu alloy with x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 wt %. Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 2254-2264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i6.2827

Amtalsabowr A.AL-Thamari, A.H.Al-Hammadi, Ibrahim G.H. Loqman, Ahmed.M.A.Haider . “Effect of the Cu additions on the structure of the soldered (96.5- x)Sn - (3.5)Ag -(x)Cu alloy with x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 wt %.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 2026, pp. 2254-2264. https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i6.2827. Accessed 20 Sep. 2026.

Amtalsabowr A.AL-Thamari, A.H.Al-Hammadi, Ibrahim G.H. Loqman, Ahmed.M.A.Haider . 2026. “Effect of the Cu additions on the structure of the soldered (96.5- x)Sn - (3.5)Ag -(x)Cu alloy with x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 wt %.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology : 2254-2264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i6.2827

Amtalsabowr A.AL-Thamari, A.H.Al-Hammadi, Ibrahim G.H. Loqman, Ahmed.M.A.Haider (2026) ‘Effect of the Cu additions on the structure of the soldered (96.5- x)Sn - (3.5)Ag -(x)Cu alloy with x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 wt %’, Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, pp. 2254-2264. doi: 10.59628/jast.v4i6.2827

@article{jast2026_art2827, author = {Amtalsabowr A.AL-Thamari, A.H.Al-Hammadi, Ibrahim G.H. Loqman, Ahmed.M.A.Haider }, title = {Effect of the Cu additions on the structure of the soldered (96.5- x)Sn - (3.5)Ag -(x)Cu alloy with x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 wt %}, journal = {Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology}, year = {2026}, month = {June}, pages = {2254-2264}, doi = {10.59628/jast.v4i6.2827}, url = {https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i6.2827},}

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Effect of the Cu additions on the structure of the soldered (96.5- x)Sn - (3.5)Ag -(x)Cu alloy with x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 wt %

Amtalsabowr A.AL-Thamari Corresponding 777695964.y@gmail.com

Ibrahim G.H. Loqman i.luqman@su.edu.ye

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Green Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO and MgO Nanoparticles Using Chamomile Extract

Ali Hashim Mohammed, Ali Maajal Ali, Mohaimen Baseem Awf, Rafaa Abd Alkareem Abdulwahid, Laith Saleh, Ghassan Adnan Naeem

1825-1830

2026-03-28

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i3.2488

Abstract

Green synthesis offers an environmentally benign approach for producing functional metal oxide nanomaterials. In this study, chamomile extract was employed as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent to synthesize ZnO and MgO nanoparticles under identical reaction conditions. The nanoparticles were prepared at 30 °C for 30 min under neutral pH, followed by heat treatment at 400 °C for five hours to remove residual moisture and promote crystallization. Structural and morphological characteristics were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The UV–Vis spectra exhibited characteristic absorption peaks at 369 nm for ZnO and 265 nm for MgO. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO and face-centered cubic MgO phases, with calculated crystallite sizes of 8.35 nm and 11.58 nm, respectively. SEM images revealed predominantly spherical ZnO nanoparticles forming agglomerated secondary structures (55–70 nm) and spherical MgO nanoparticles with primary sizes ranging from 60–75 nm. The results demonstrate that chamomile extract serves as an effective biotemplate for controlling the nucleation and growth of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles, leading to well-defined structural and morphological features. This study highlights the potential of plant-mediated synthesis as a sustainable route for producing stable nanomaterials suitable for biomedical and environmental applications, reinforcing the role of green chemistry in advancing eco-friendly nanotechnology.

Keywords

Green synthesis Nanoparticles Characterization Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Magnesium Oxide (MgO) X-ray diffraction (XRD) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
How to Cite This Article
Ali Hashim Mohammed, Ali Maajal Ali, Mohaimen Baseem Awf, Rafaa Abd Alkareem Abdulwahid, Laith Saleh, Ghassan Adnan Naeem (2026). Green Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO and MgO Nanoparticles Using Chamomile Extract. Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 1825-1830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i3.2488

Ali Hashim Mohammed, Ali Maajal Ali, Mohaimen Baseem Awf, Rafaa Abd Alkareem Abdulwahid, Laith Saleh, Ghassan Adnan Naeem . “Green Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO and MgO Nanoparticles Using Chamomile Extract.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 2026, pp. 1825-1830. https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i3.2488. Accessed 20 Sep. 2026.

Ali Hashim Mohammed, Ali Maajal Ali, Mohaimen Baseem Awf, Rafaa Abd Alkareem Abdulwahid, Laith Saleh, Ghassan Adnan Naeem . 2026. “Green Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO and MgO Nanoparticles Using Chamomile Extract.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology : 1825-1830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i3.2488

Ali Hashim Mohammed, Ali Maajal Ali, Mohaimen Baseem Awf, Rafaa Abd Alkareem Abdulwahid, Laith Saleh, Ghassan Adnan Naeem (2026) ‘Green Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO and MgO Nanoparticles Using Chamomile Extract’, Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, pp. 1825-1830. doi: 10.59628/jast.v4i3.2488

@article{jast2026_art2488, author = {Ali Hashim Mohammed, Ali Maajal Ali, Mohaimen Baseem Awf, Rafaa Abd Alkareem Abdulwahid, Laith Saleh, Ghassan Adnan Naeem }, title = {Green Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO and MgO Nanoparticles Using Chamomile Extract}, journal = {Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology}, year = {2026}, month = {March}, pages = {1825-1830}, doi = {10.59628/jast.v4i3.2488}, url = {https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i3.2488},}

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Green Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO and MgO Nanoparticles Using Chamomile Extract

Laith Saleh Corresponding laith2011alhiti@uoanbar.edu.iq

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Morphological and Optical Analysis of α − Al2O3 : Zn Nanoparticles

Eman Mohammed Ali Nassar, A.H. AL-Hammadi, Yasser Hussein Issa Mohammed

1408-1418

2025-12-28

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.1876

Abstract

This study investigates the morphology and optical properties of prepared α-Al₂O₃:Zn nanoparticles by sol-gel method at room temperature. TEM image revealed hexagonal structure and the average particle size in the range (9.52-15.94 nm), and showed the particles distribution and area by histograms distribution. The Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) illustrated the polycrystalline structure. XRD analysis confirmed hexagonal structure with a high crystalline and polycrystalline structure of α-Al₂O₃:Zn nanoparticles, the average crystallite size in the range (30.529- 24.057 nm). The optical study found that the energy gab of prepared α-Al2O3:Zn (0%, 2%, 4%, 8%) were (5.145, 4.86, 4.88, 4.95 eV), respectively. Furthermore, other optical parameters such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, and dielectric constant are studied.

Keywords

α − Al2O3 nanoparticles TEM SAED Optical band gap
How to Cite This Article
Eman Mohammed Ali Nassar, A.H. AL-Hammadi, Yasser Hussein Issa Mohammed (2025). Morphological and Optical Analysis of α − Al2O3 : Zn Nanoparticles. Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 1408-1418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v3i6.1876

Eman Mohammed Ali Nassar, A.H. AL-Hammadi, Yasser Hussein Issa Mohammed . “Morphological and Optical Analysis of α − Al2O3 : Zn Nanoparticles.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 2025, pp. 1408-1418. https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v3i6.1876. Accessed 20 Sep. 2026.

Eman Mohammed Ali Nassar, A.H. AL-Hammadi, Yasser Hussein Issa Mohammed . 2025. “Morphological and Optical Analysis of α − Al2O3 : Zn Nanoparticles.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology : 1408-1418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v3i6.1876

Eman Mohammed Ali Nassar, A.H. AL-Hammadi, Yasser Hussein Issa Mohammed (2025) ‘Morphological and Optical Analysis of α − Al2O3 : Zn Nanoparticles’, Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, pp. 1408-1418. doi: 10.59628/jast.v3i6.1876

@article{jast2025_art1876, author = {Eman Mohammed Ali Nassar, A.H. AL-Hammadi, Yasser Hussein Issa Mohammed }, title = {Morphological and Optical Analysis of α − Al2O3 : Zn Nanoparticles}, journal = {Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology}, year = {2025}, month = {December}, pages = {1408-1418}, doi = {10.59628/jast.v3i6.1876}, url = {https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v3i6.1876},}

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Morphological and Optical Analysis of α − Al2O3 : Zn Nanoparticles

Eman Mohammed Ali Nassar Corresponding e.nassar@su.edu.ye

A.H. AL-Hammadi a.hammadi@su.edu.ye

Yasser Hussein Issa Mohammed issayasser16@gmail.com

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Structural, Optical and Cytotoxic Analysis of Sr-Doped CuS Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer Applications

Asma’a Ahmed AL-Adhreai, A.M. Abdulwahab, A. H. Al-Hammadi

990-998

2025-08-28

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i4.1728

Abstract

Copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles have garnered significant interest due to their unique structural, optical, and biological properties, making them promising candidates for cancer therapy. This work systematically examines how strontium incorporation influences the structural properties, optical behavior, and anticancer activity of copper sulfide nanoparticles for potential lung cancer therapeutics. Using the co-precipitation approach, Sr-doped CuS nanoparticles with different Sr concentrations were produced. Characterization techniques, including XRD, TEM, and UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy, were employed to analyze their physicochemical properties. The results indicate that Sr doping enhances crystallinity, modifies the bandgap, and influences optical conductivity. Cytotoxicity analysis using MTT assays on A549 lung cancer cells emonstrated that Sr-doped CuS nanoparticles exhibit enhanced anticancer activity compared to pure CuS. The 2.5% Sr-doped sample showed the most significant reduction in cell viability. These findings suggest that Sr-doped CuS nanoparticles are promising candidates for biomedical applications. However, further studies are needed to assess their photothermal and photodynamic effects under controlled light exposure.

Keywords

Chemical co-precipitation Sr doping Hexagonal structure Anti-cancer activity.
How to Cite This Article
Asma’a Ahmed AL-Adhreai, A.M. Abdulwahab, A. H. Al-Hammadi (2025). Structural, Optical and Cytotoxic Analysis of Sr-Doped CuS Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer Applications. Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 990-998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v3i4.1728

Asma’a Ahmed AL-Adhreai, A.M. Abdulwahab, A. H. Al-Hammadi . “Structural, Optical and Cytotoxic Analysis of Sr-Doped CuS Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer Applications.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 2025, pp. 990-998. https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v3i4.1728. Accessed 20 Sep. 2026.

Asma’a Ahmed AL-Adhreai, A.M. Abdulwahab, A. H. Al-Hammadi . 2025. “Structural, Optical and Cytotoxic Analysis of Sr-Doped CuS Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer Applications.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology : 990-998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v3i4.1728

Asma’a Ahmed AL-Adhreai, A.M. Abdulwahab, A. H. Al-Hammadi (2025) ‘Structural, Optical and Cytotoxic Analysis of Sr-Doped CuS Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer Applications’, Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, pp. 990-998. doi: 10.59628/jast.v3i4.1728

@article{jast2025_art1728, author = {Asma’a Ahmed AL-Adhreai, A.M. Abdulwahab, A. H. Al-Hammadi }, title = {Structural, Optical and Cytotoxic Analysis of Sr-Doped CuS Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer Applications}, journal = {Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology}, year = {2025}, month = {August}, pages = {990-998}, doi = {10.59628/jast.v3i4.1728}, url = {https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v3i4.1728},}

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Structural, Optical and Cytotoxic Analysis of Sr-Doped CuS Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer Applications

Asma’a Ahmed AL-Adhreai asma.aladhreai@su.edu.ye

A.M. Abdulwahab Corresponding abduhabdulwahab@yahoo.com

A. H. Al-Hammadi hkm_hammadi@yahoo.com

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Studying Structural analysis by (X-ray and SEM) of (96.5-2x)Sn-(x)Ag-(3.5+x)Cu alloy with x=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5 wt%

Hend. Q.A. Al-hubaishi, A.H. Al-Hammadi, Ibrahim G.H. Loqman, Ahmed. M.A. Haider, Abdulmalek Mansoor N. Hulif

2198-2208

2026-06-28

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i6.2754

Abstract

In the pursuit of developing high-performance, lead-free solder alloys with enhanced reliability and environmental compliance, this study investigates the structural effects of incorporating the alloy (x)Ag–(3.5+x)Cu into the near-eutectic (96.5–2x)Sn system. The objective is to evaluate the influence of varying Ag and Cu concentrations on phase formation and microstructural evolution. Five alloy compositions were synthesized with x values of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 using conventional melting and casting techniques. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify crystalline phases and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze microstructural features. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that all alloy samples predominantly consist of a single-phase tetragonal β-Sn structure. The incremental addition of silver and copper to the tin matrix enhanced the particle size refinement of the near-eutectic Sn–Ag–Cu ternary alloy. The introduction of the (x)Ag–(3.5+x)Cu alloy into the (96.5–2x)Sn system at varying concentrations (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) resulted in noticeable shifts in diffraction peak positions (2θ), indicating lattice distortion and compositional changes. The calculated lattice parameters closely matched the standard peaks listed in JCPDS PDF No. 04-0673, and no new phases were detected within the ternary systems. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed distinct grayscale variations corresponding to differences in chemical composition and electron density across the microstructure. Notably, even minimal additions of Ag (x = 0.1) significantly improved the microstructural uniformity, which is critical for understanding the structural integrity and potential reliability of Sn–Ag–Cu solder joints in electronic interconnects.

Keywords

Sn-Ag-Cu alloy lead-free solder Structural Properties Phases of interphase (XRD) (SEM) (SEI)
How to Cite This Article
Hend. Q.A. Al-hubaishi, A.H. Al-Hammadi, Ibrahim G.H. Loqman, Ahmed. M.A. Haider, Abdulmalek Mansoor N. Hulif (2026). Studying Structural analysis by (X-ray and SEM) of (96.5-2x)Sn-(x)Ag-(3.5+x)Cu alloy with x=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5 wt%. Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 2198-2208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i6.2754

Hend. Q.A. Al-hubaishi, A.H. Al-Hammadi, Ibrahim G.H. Loqman, Ahmed. M.A. Haider, Abdulmalek Mansoor N. Hulif . “Studying Structural analysis by (X-ray and SEM) of (96.5-2x)Sn-(x)Ag-(3.5+x)Cu alloy with x=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5 wt%.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 2026, pp. 2198-2208. https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i6.2754. Accessed 20 Sep. 2026.

Hend. Q.A. Al-hubaishi, A.H. Al-Hammadi, Ibrahim G.H. Loqman, Ahmed. M.A. Haider, Abdulmalek Mansoor N. Hulif . 2026. “Studying Structural analysis by (X-ray and SEM) of (96.5-2x)Sn-(x)Ag-(3.5+x)Cu alloy with x=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5 wt%.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology : 2198-2208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i6.2754

Hend. Q.A. Al-hubaishi, A.H. Al-Hammadi, Ibrahim G.H. Loqman, Ahmed. M.A. Haider, Abdulmalek Mansoor N. Hulif (2026) ‘Studying Structural analysis by (X-ray and SEM) of (96.5-2x)Sn-(x)Ag-(3.5+x)Cu alloy with x=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5 wt%’, Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, pp. 2198-2208. doi: 10.59628/jast.v4i6.2754

@article{jast2026_art2754, author = {Hend. Q.A. Al-hubaishi, A.H. Al-Hammadi, Ibrahim G.H. Loqman, Ahmed. M.A. Haider, Abdulmalek Mansoor N. Hulif }, title = {Studying Structural analysis by (X-ray and SEM) of (96.5-2x)Sn-(x)Ag-(3.5+x)Cu alloy with x=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5 wt%}, journal = {Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology}, year = {2026}, month = {June}, pages = {2198-2208}, doi = {10.59628/jast.v4i6.2754}, url = {https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i6.2754},}

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Studying Structural analysis by (X-ray and SEM) of (96.5-2x)Sn-(x)Ag-(3.5+x)Cu alloy with x=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5 wt%

Hend. Q.A. Al-hubaishi Corresponding h.alhubaishi@su.edu.ye

A.H. Al-Hammadi a.hammadi@su.edu.ye

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Tuning Structural and Optical Properties of Co₀.₅Mn₀.₅₋ₓZnₓFe₂O₄ Nanoferrites via Zn Substitution for Optoelectronic Applications

Yousef A. Alsabah, Abdelrahman A. Elbadawi, Ibrahim Alsuqia, Olfat Humaid, A .A. Al-Muntaser

2209-2218

2026-06-28

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i5.2925

Abstract

Ferrite nanoparticles are interesting materials due to their rich and unique physical and chemical properties. They find applications in catalysis, bio-processing, medicine, magnetic recording, adsorption, devices, so nanoferrite materials had been synthesized to produce new alternate substance for reducing the rare or high cost of industrial materials. Therefore,Co_0.5Mn_0.5-xZn_xFe₂O₄nanoferrite compositions (x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4) were successfully synthesized via the citrate-nitrate sol-gel auto-combustion technique. A comprehensive investigation of structural and optical, properties was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure with space group Fd-3m, without detectable secondary phases, indicating the successful incorporation of Zn²⁺ and Mn²⁺ ions into the cobalt ferrite lattice. The crystallite size was found to vary between 8.017 and 10.130 nm depending on Zn substitution. Rietveld refinement further verified the structural stability with a lattice parameter of a = 8.370 Å and satisfactory fit (x² = 0.15). Microstructural parameters such as dislocation density, microstrain, and stacking fault probability were found to increase with decreasing crystallite size. The FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of spinel ferrite and spectra exhibited characteristic metal–oxygen vibration bands at approximately 585 cm⁻¹ and 415 cm⁻¹, corresponding to tetrahedral and octahedral sites of the spinel structure. UV–Vis DRS analysis revealed strong absorption in the UV–visible region, with the optical band gap decreasing from 2.96 to 2.81 eV as the Zn concentration increased, demonstrating tunable electronic properties. The absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, imaginary dielectric constant, and optical conductivity increased with Zn substitution, whereas the refractive index and real dielectric constant showed an opposite trend, with a maximum refractive index observed near 2.6 eV (475 nm). The enhanced optical conductivity around 3.6 eV was attributed to interband transitions and charge-transfer processes such as O^2- → Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ ↔ Fe³⁺. These results demonstrate that Zn substitution effectively tailors the optical response of Co–Mn ferrites, highlighting their potential for optoelectronic and photonic applications.

Keywords

Nanoferrites Sol-Gel Spinel Structure Optical Properties XRD
How to Cite This Article
Yousef A. Alsabah, Abdelrahman A. Elbadawi, Ibrahim Alsuqia, Olfat Humaid, A .A. Al-Muntaser (2026). Tuning Structural and Optical Properties of Co₀.₅Mn₀.₅₋ₓZnₓFe₂O₄ Nanoferrites via Zn Substitution for Optoelectronic Applications. Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 2209-2218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i5.2925

Yousef A. Alsabah, Abdelrahman A. Elbadawi, Ibrahim Alsuqia, Olfat Humaid, A .A. Al-Muntaser . “Tuning Structural and Optical Properties of Co₀.₅Mn₀.₅₋ₓZnₓFe₂O₄ Nanoferrites via Zn Substitution for Optoelectronic Applications.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 2026, pp. 2209-2218. https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i5.2925. Accessed 20 Sep. 2026.

Yousef A. Alsabah, Abdelrahman A. Elbadawi, Ibrahim Alsuqia, Olfat Humaid, A .A. Al-Muntaser . 2026. “Tuning Structural and Optical Properties of Co₀.₅Mn₀.₅₋ₓZnₓFe₂O₄ Nanoferrites via Zn Substitution for Optoelectronic Applications.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology : 2209-2218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i5.2925

Yousef A. Alsabah, Abdelrahman A. Elbadawi, Ibrahim Alsuqia, Olfat Humaid, A .A. Al-Muntaser (2026) ‘Tuning Structural and Optical Properties of Co₀.₅Mn₀.₅₋ₓZnₓFe₂O₄ Nanoferrites via Zn Substitution for Optoelectronic Applications’, Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, pp. 2209-2218. doi: 10.59628/jast.v4i5.2925

@article{jast2026_art2925, author = {Yousef A. Alsabah, Abdelrahman A. Elbadawi, Ibrahim Alsuqia, Olfat Humaid, A .A. Al-Muntaser }, title = {Tuning Structural and Optical Properties of Co₀.₅Mn₀.₅₋ₓZnₓFe₂O₄ Nanoferrites via Zn Substitution for Optoelectronic Applications}, journal = {Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology}, year = {2026}, month = {June}, pages = {2209-2218}, doi = {10.59628/jast.v4i5.2925}, url = {https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i5.2925},}

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Tuning Structural and Optical Properties of Co₀.₅Mn₀.₅₋ₓZnₓFe₂O₄ Nanoferrites via Zn Substitution for Optoelectronic Applications

Yousef A. Alsabah Corresponding yousef.alsabah@hau.edu.ye

A .A. Al-Muntaser almuntser2015@gmail.com

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$displays the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of cd1s1−x samples synthesized with the mole ratio x of 0.6579 (A), 0.4868 (B), and 0.3026 (C), respectively$

Visible-Light Photocatalytic Enhancement in Hydrothermally Synthesized Cd₁S₁₋ₓ Nanoparticles: Structural and Optical Characterization

H. Arhab, Shakib M. A. Alsowidy, Mohammed S.Qusailah, A. M. Abdulkarem

1814-1824

2026-03-28

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i3.2464

Abstract

Cadmium sulfide cd₁s_1−x nanoparticles were synthesized using a simple and cost-effective hydrothermal method by varying the Cd:S molar ratio to investigate its effect on the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (Rh-B) in aqueous solution under simulated solar irradiation serves as a model organic pollutant. Structural and morphological characterization using XRD, SEM, and UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed the particularity of cd₁s_1−x particle with good crystallinity and visible light absorption properties. The photocatalytic efficiency of the cd₁s_1−x nanoparticles exhibited a strong dependence on the sulfur ion concentration, indicating the critical role of precursor ratio in tuning photocatalyst performance. Among the samples, the one prepared with x= 0.3026 exhibited the highest degradation efficiency, achieving nearly complete removal of Rh-B within 73 minutes. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the optimized particle size, which improves crystallinity and surface area, facilitating more efficient charge separation, light absorption, and separation of photogenerated charge carriers. This study highlights the crucial role of precursor composition in tailoring the structural and functional properties of cd₁s_1−x nanoparticles, providing a straightforward and scalable approach for developing efficient visible-light-responsive photocatalysts for environmental remediation applications.

Keywords

Energy Environmental remediation Optical properties photocatalysis. Cd₁S₁₋ₓ nanoparticle
How to Cite This Article
H. Arhab, Shakib M. A. Alsowidy, Mohammed S.Qusailah, A. M. Abdulkarem (2026). Visible-Light Photocatalytic Enhancement in Hydrothermally Synthesized Cd₁S₁₋ₓ Nanoparticles: Structural and Optical Characterization. Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 1814-1824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i3.2464

H. Arhab, Shakib M. A. Alsowidy, Mohammed S.Qusailah, A. M. Abdulkarem . “Visible-Light Photocatalytic Enhancement in Hydrothermally Synthesized Cd₁S₁₋ₓ Nanoparticles: Structural and Optical Characterization.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 2026, pp. 1814-1824. https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i3.2464. Accessed 20 Sep. 2026.

H. Arhab, Shakib M. A. Alsowidy, Mohammed S.Qusailah, A. M. Abdulkarem . 2026. “Visible-Light Photocatalytic Enhancement in Hydrothermally Synthesized Cd₁S₁₋ₓ Nanoparticles: Structural and Optical Characterization.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology : 1814-1824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i3.2464

H. Arhab, Shakib M. A. Alsowidy, Mohammed S.Qusailah, A. M. Abdulkarem (2026) ‘Visible-Light Photocatalytic Enhancement in Hydrothermally Synthesized Cd₁S₁₋ₓ Nanoparticles: Structural and Optical Characterization’, Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, pp. 1814-1824. doi: 10.59628/jast.v4i3.2464

@article{jast2026_art2464, author = {H. Arhab, Shakib M. A. Alsowidy, Mohammed S.Qusailah, A. M. Abdulkarem }, title = {Visible-Light Photocatalytic Enhancement in Hydrothermally Synthesized Cd₁S₁₋ₓ Nanoparticles: Structural and Optical Characterization}, journal = {Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology}, year = {2026}, month = {March}, pages = {1814-1824}, doi = {10.59628/jast.v4i3.2464}, url = {https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v4i3.2464},}

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Visible-Light Photocatalytic Enhancement in Hydrothermally Synthesized Cd₁S₁₋ₓ Nanoparticles: Structural and Optical Characterization

H. Arhab Corresponding arhabh54@gmail.com

Shakib M. A. Alsowidy sh.alsowidy@su.edu.ye

Mohammed S.Qusailah m.qusailah@su.edu.ye

A. M. Abdulkarem a.alafiri@su.edu.ye

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Zinc-Induced Effects on the Structural and Morphological Properties of Sn-Zn-In Triple Alloys: Insights from XRD, EDX, and SEM Analysis

Salam A.Q. ALarnoot, A.H. Al-Hammadi, Ahmed. M.A. Haider

922-932

2025-08-28

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v3i4.1649

Abstract

The primary objective of this study is to enhance the properties of Sn-In alloys by incorporating varying amounts of zinc (Zn) to develop alternative lead-free alloys suitable for electronic applications. The samples were synthesized using high-purity in (Sn), indium (In), and zinc (Zn). Zn was added at different weight percentages (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt. %) to the Sn-In base alloy. Structural analysis was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify the phase formation and crystalline characteristics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to examine the microstructure, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to determine the elemental composition and phase distribution within the samples. The XRD results indicated that the Sn-Zn-In alloys exhibited a single-phase tetragonal structure. Increasing the Zn concentrations in the Sn matrix refined the grain size of the ternary Sn-Zn-In alloy. Additionally, Zn incorporation into the Sn-In binary alloy altered the intensity of the diffraction peaks and induced shifts in the (2θ) position, particularly in the 80Sn-10Zn-10In alloy. The calculated lattice parameters closely matched the standard values reported in JCPDS PDF# 04-0673, and no new phases were detected in the ternary systems. The SEM analysis revealed the presence of three distinct regions within the alloy microstructure: a gray region rich in β-Sn, a dark region corresponding to the indium-rich phase, and a white region representing the zinc-rich phase. The EDX spectra confirmed that the elemental composition of the Sn-Zn-In alloys closely matched the nominal ratios, indicating successful alloying and homogeneous elemental distribution.

Keywords

Sn-Zn-In alloy Structural properties (XRD) (SEM) (EDX)
How to Cite This Article
Salam A.Q. ALarnoot, A.H. Al-Hammadi, Ahmed. M.A. Haider (2025). Zinc-Induced Effects on the Structural and Morphological Properties of Sn-Zn-In Triple Alloys: Insights from XRD, EDX, and SEM Analysis. Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 922-932. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v3i4.1649

Salam A.Q. ALarnoot, A.H. Al-Hammadi, Ahmed. M.A. Haider . “Zinc-Induced Effects on the Structural and Morphological Properties of Sn-Zn-In Triple Alloys: Insights from XRD, EDX, and SEM Analysis.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 2025, pp. 922-932. https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v3i4.1649. Accessed 20 Sep. 2026.

Salam A.Q. ALarnoot, A.H. Al-Hammadi, Ahmed. M.A. Haider . 2025. “Zinc-Induced Effects on the Structural and Morphological Properties of Sn-Zn-In Triple Alloys: Insights from XRD, EDX, and SEM Analysis.” Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology : 922-932. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v3i4.1649

Salam A.Q. ALarnoot, A.H. Al-Hammadi, Ahmed. M.A. Haider (2025) ‘Zinc-Induced Effects on the Structural and Morphological Properties of Sn-Zn-In Triple Alloys: Insights from XRD, EDX, and SEM Analysis’, Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, pp. 922-932. doi: 10.59628/jast.v3i4.1649

@article{jast2025_art1649, author = {Salam A.Q. ALarnoot, A.H. Al-Hammadi, Ahmed. M.A. Haider }, title = {Zinc-Induced Effects on the Structural and Morphological Properties of Sn-Zn-In Triple Alloys: Insights from XRD, EDX, and SEM Analysis}, journal = {Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology}, year = {2025}, month = {August}, pages = {922-932}, doi = {10.59628/jast.v3i4.1649}, url = {https://doi.org/10.59628/jast.v3i4.1649},}

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Zinc-Induced Effects on the Structural and Morphological Properties of Sn-Zn-In Triple Alloys: Insights from XRD, EDX, and SEM Analysis

Salam A.Q. ALarnoot Corresponding salamalarnoot@gmail.com

A.H. Al-Hammadi salamalarnoot@gmail.com

Ahmed. M.A. Haider salamalarnoot@gmail.com

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