Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

Fog computing is employed in widespread sectors; fog computing in higher education will probably enhance the operations of higher education institutions. However, the adoption of fog computing in this context is still in its early stages, and research in this area is limited. So, there appears to be a deficiency in the adoption of fog computing to enhance higher education institutions’ operations. The current paper implements a quantitative methodology the data was gathered through a questionnaire, where 103 surveys were collected from academic and information technology staff at nine universities in Sana’a, Yemen. This study aims to build a conceptual framework to identify factors that affect in adoption of fog technology by higher education institutes and investigate them. where the current study utilizes the Technological, Organizational, and Environmental (TOE) framework as a basis for analysis. Nine factors have been tested in this study, where the factors relative advantage, Compatibility, Security, privacy, Technology Readiness, TOP management, Regulatory Policy, Competitive Pressure, and Socio Culture have a positive effect. The proposed framework was empirically validated using multi-analytical structural equation modelling and artificial neural network (SEM-ANN) method. We identify the relative advantage of the first ranking (100%), Socio-Culture (67%), security (55%), compatibility (49%), privacy (45%), competitive pressure, and technology readiness are in the same ranking, with a score of 31%. Finally, the government regulation and top management support have (23%) and (29%), respectively, as the significant factors that affect in adoption of fog computing by higher education institutes.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a DNA virus categorized under the Herpesviridae family and is exclusively present in humans. This study aimed to identify HCMV antibodies and blood parameters in pediatric patients with pediatric leukemia patients with compromised immune systems in Sana‘a - Yemen. A cross sectional study was conducted to examine cytomegalovirus in pediatric leukemia cases are detecting HCMV antibodies and analyzing hematological parameters.in Sana’a city, Yemen, from June to October 2024. A total of 100 blood samples were collected from participants who had compromised immunity. Hematological parameters were evaluated and HCMV antibodies were alongside CMV detection using the ECLIA Cobas e 411 system. The majority of participants under the age of 12, 100% IgG positivity and this recent infection, 4% IgM positivity and this recent infection for HCMV in pediatric leukemia patients and the elevated WBC and PLT counts observed but no numerical data provided. These findings indicated that a high prevalence of HCMV antibodies in children with acute leukemia patients a significant increase of white blood cells (WBCs) and low platelet (PLT) counts in these patients.

This study elucidates the role of salicylic acid (SA) in modulating salinity stress responses in parsley through a controlled RCBD experiment at Taiz University. Plants exposed to incremental NaCl concentrations (0–200 mM) either alone or in combination with three SA concentrations (0, 0.1, and 0.5 mM) exhibited dose-dependent growth inhibition. With 200 mM NaCl, reduced shoot length by 42% and dry matter by 35%, while concurrently suppressing protein content (28%) and catalase activity (40%) but elevating proline accumulation (69%). SA application (0.1 mM) significantly alleviated moderate stress (100 mM NaCl), restoring physiological parameters and enhancing antioxidant defenses, notably increasing catalase activity by 30–35% and reducing proline by 25–30%. Intriguingly, SA’s efficacy was temporally constrained, with optimal protection at 15 days that diminished under prolonged exposure. Biochemical profiling revealed a stress-threshold response: ascorbate peroxidase activity remained stable at ≤ 150 mM NaCl but increased 20–25% at 50–100 mM NaCl with 0.5 mM SA. Critically, high SA (0.5 mM) synergized with extreme salinity (200 mM NaCl) to induce complete mortality, demonstrating a concentration-dependent phytotoxic shift. These findings establish 0.1 mM SA and 100 mM NaCl as critical thresholds for stress mitigation.

The study was conducted to characterize the morphological traits of A’asmi Cultivar of Yemeni grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Bani Hashish district during the 2021 and 2022 seasons, based on OIV, UPOV, and IPGRI standards. The aim was to establish a database documenting the morphological characteristics and certain chemical properties of the Cultivar, to support breeding programs, preserve genetic diversity, and enhance agricultural productivity amid environmental challenges. The study involved 10 fruiting vines from a farm in the village of Bayt al-Nukhif, Wadi al-Sir, where 105 traits were measured, encompassing young and mature shoots, leaves, flowers, clusters, berries, and seeds, in addition to the evaluation of selected chemical properties such as soluble sugars, acidity, pH, and vitamin C using standardized methodologies. The results revealed a notable coherence in the morphological traits of the Cultivar. The young shoot was characterized by an open and fully developed apex before the node, indicating vigorous vegetative growth and an ability to adapt to warm seasons, while a weak expression of anthocyanins on the pubescence suggested a potential genetic limitation in expressing this pigment and its effect on the plant’s response to environmental stresses. The mature shoot exhibited a nearly vertical growth pattern with a balanced color distribution on its sides and a reduced pubescence density, which may improve ventilation and reduce the risk of fungal diseases. The leaves maintained stability in terms of shape, size, and number of lobes, with a balanced pigment distribution that reflects an equilibrium between genetic and environmental factors to enhance photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient transport. At the cluster and berry level, productive traits were manifested through a loose distribution of berries and a long conical shape, along with an increase in berry number and stability in dimensional ratios and weight. The seeds showed dimensional stability with variations in biomass accumulation, reflecting the influence of environmental factors. Furthermore, the hermaphroditic floral structure contributed to both self- and cross-pollination, thereby enhancing genetic diversity. Overall, the study comprehensively documented and evaluated the morphological and chemical performance of the A’asmi Cultivar under changing environmental conditions.

The Article discusses neutrosophic left/right cosets, their properties, neutrosophic normal subgroups, and neutrosophic quotient groups with some theories and examples. The concept of Neutrosophic Groups was introduced by Kandasamy and Smarandache in their work in 2006 as part of a broader field of research in neutrosophy. Neutrosophic Groups are defined by classical NeutroAxioms according to the Neutrosophic Set theory, which has type-1, The paper explores various structures related to Neutrosophic Groups, including examples of neutrosophic groups, neutrosophic left/right cosets, neutrosophic normal subgroups, Neutrosophic Lagrange’s theorem, quotient groups, and their properties, several results of the theorems, and examples are demonstrated with Gt1 [I].

Pulicaria jaubertii is a spicing and medicinal plant belonging to the family Asteraceae. Studies found that this plant contains various important phytochemicals. However, these studies have not covered the identification of these compounds found in its callus produced by in vitro micropropagation. This study screens and compares, for the first time, the phytochemicals found in the ethanol and n-Hexane extracts of this plant's parts and callus. Native plant parts were collected and washed. Some of them were cultured on MS medium to produce callus, and the others were dried. Each sample was then powdered and extracted by ethanol and n-Hexane solvents and screened for the presence of some biologically important phytochemicals. Screening tests in the ethanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, carbonyls, phenols/tannins, phlobatanin, terpenoids, and steroids in the callus and most of the plant parts. n-Hexane extracts revealed the presence of fewer phytochemical groups in the callus and plant parts. In conclusion, ethanol and n-Hexane extracts of plant parts and callus of P. jaubertii contain several bioactive metabolites. Interestingly, callus extracts revealed some compounds that are not found in certain plant parts. Further studies, including extraction by other solvents, using more advanced separation techniques are recommended.

Salinity is one of the most pervasive abiotic stressors limiting global agricultural productivity, particularly by impairing seed germination in sensitive species, such as chili peppers (Capsicum spp.). This study rigorously evaluated the potential of nature-derived biostimulants to alleviate salinityinduced germination inhibition in three agronomically important Yemeni chili pepper genotypes: Haimi (H), Hajjah (J), and Jawfi3 (V3). Aqueous extracts from red beetroot, prickly pear fruit, carrot roots, and moringa leaves and flowers were subjected to an optimized 18-hour seed priming protocol. The seeds were germinated at three salinity levels (0, 150, and 250 mM NaCl) in a randomized complete block design. The results revealed a striking mitigation of salinity stress at 150 mM NaCl by all plant extracts, with substantial protective effects observed at the extreme 250 mM NaCl concentration. Notably, beetroot extract emerged as the most potent biostimulant, consistently delivering the highest Extract Stimulation Index (ESI%) across all germination parameters including germination percentage (GrP%), mean germination time (MGT), germination speed (GSC), and radicle length. Its performance was robust across all genotypes and salinity levels, thereby highlighting its broad-spectrum efficacy.
These findings provide the first empirical evidence that cost-effective natural extracts, particularly from red beetroot and prickly pear fruit, can match or surpass synthetic priming agents in enhancing seed germination under saline conditions.

The focus shaping of light beams is crucial for a range of optical applications, including trapping, imaging, and material processing. In this work, based on the vector diffraction theory, the focus shaping of a circularly polarized Laguerre–Gaussian vortex beam by a binary axicon was investigated. By analyzing the effects of beam parameters such as order p, topological charge m, truncation parameter β, and optical system characteristics including obstruction δ and NA, this study demonstrates how these factors influence the focal intensity distribution. By appropriately choosing specific parameters, different focal shapes, such as multifoci and double spots, were formed in the focal region of the binary axicon. The findings underscore the potential of binary axicons as versatile tools for advanced focus engineering in optical trapping and particle manipulation.

Campylobacter jejuni is a leading bacterial agent of foodborne illnesses worldwide, with poultry serving as its
primary reservoir. This systematic review aimed to document and compare the prevalence of C. jejuni in chickens across countries in the MENA region from 2014 to early 2025. A structured search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases was conducted to identify peer-reviewed studies that reported prevalence data. Twenty-eight studies from 13 MENA countries met the inclusion criteria, covering a range of sample types and diagnostic methods, including culture and PCR. The reported prevalence varies widely, from as low as 6% to over 80%, largely influenced by sampling methods, biosecurity practices, and environmental conditions. Algeria and Iran are among the countries with the highest reported prevalence rates. A meta-analysis was not feasible owing to methodological heterogeneity. Therefore, the findings were synthesized descriptively. The results emphasize significant gaps in poultry hygiene practices and surveillance infrastructure, which may contribute to the ongoing public health burden of C. jejuni in the region. Additionally, this review highlights emerging antimicrobial resistance trends associated with poultry farming. These findings underscore the urgency of coordinated regional efforts to enhance epidemiological monitoring and implement evidence-based poultry safety measures.

Intrusion detection is crucial for securing Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) networks, especially within edge computing environments. Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) struggle with the complexity and dynamic nature of IIoT networks, where increasing intrusion classes make classification tasks more challenging. While the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C) algorithm has shown promise in reinforcement learning-based IDSs, previous A3C implementations suffer from slow convergence, high variance, unstable gradient updates, and inefficient parameter synchronization. These issues limit their ability to accurately classify diverse attack patterns, particularly underrepresented intrusion types. To address these challenges, this research introduces an Enhanced A3C (EA3C) using an enhanced convolutional neural network (CNN) structure to significantly improve feature representation compared to traditional fully connected networks from the dataset before passing them to the policy and value networks. Additionally, gradient clipping will be applied to prevent exploding gradients, and bootstrapping-based reward handling will be used to enhance policy and value estimation for better long-term learning and improved intrusion detection performance. The proposed approach is evaluated using the X-IIoTID dataset, which is a comprehensive benchmark that is effective in detecting a wide range of cyber threats in IIoT environments. Experimental results indicate that the EA3C algorithm significantly outperforms Decision Tree (DT), Adversarial Environment Reinforcement Learning (AERL), Double Deep Q-Network (DDQN), and traditional A3C algorithms, particularly in identifying underrepresented attack classes. The results of EA3C show that its weighted Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1-score exceeded 0.98, making it suitable for practical use with the increasing number of labeled classes of cyber-attacks. Although these results are promising, this algorithm needs further improvement, especially for attacks with very small samples or attacks that occur for the first time, such as zero-day attacks.

Fats, a broad term for fats and oils, are sourced from either plants or animals. They function as energy storage and are crucial in various biological processes. This study aimed to examine the effects of tallow and olive oil on certain hematological and biochemical parameters in healthy albino rats. Twenty-eight male albino rats were divided into four groups, each containing seven animals. Groups given different treatments orally: Distilled water (control group), sheep tallow (Sh-T group), bovine tallow (B-T group), and olive oil (OO group). At the end of the third month, blood samples were collected from the fasting rats for hematological and biochemical analysis. Our results show that the oral administration of Sh-T, B-T, and OO did not cause significant changes in body weight (BW), food intake (FI) and level of serum of fibrinogen (FIB), albumin (ALB), C-reactive protein (CRP), or blood cell counts, including white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), when compared to the control group. However, total protein levels in the Sh-T and B-T groups, as well as globulin levels in the Sh-T and OO groups, showed significant increases, whereas the OO and B-T groups demonstrated a significant decrease in monocyte and eosinophil counts compared to the control group. It can be concluded that neither sheep nor bovine tallow nor olive oil negatively affects body weight or serum liver proteins, nor do they induce substantial hematological alterations