Comprehensive Review of Yemeni Commiphora myrrha: Phytochemicals, Extraction Methods, Therapeutic Properties, and Medicinal Applications

Abstract

Myrrh, derived from Commiphora myrrha (C. myrrha) has been valued since biblical times for its use in incense, perfumes, and traditional medicines. Scientific investigations of its chemical composition began more than a century ago. This review compiles recent findings on the historical significance, geographical distribution, traditional medicinal uses, phytochemical constituents, biological activities, pharmaceutical effects, toxicity, and extraction techniques of C. myrrha. Particular focus is given to the components of the volatile oil, resin, and gum. Information was sourced from digital databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science) and ethnopharmacological literature published between 2000 and December 2024. Traditionally, C. myrrha has been used to treat ulcers, pain, digestive and bone disorders, wounds, arthritis, and circulatory problems, particularly in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicines. Pharmacological studies have confirmed its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antiviral, and antiulcer properties, with emerging interest in its potential role in the treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019. In addition, it is widely used in cosmetics and aromatherapy. Analytical studies have identified essential oils, terpenoids, and steroids, with the resin being particularly rich in bioactive compounds. Future research on the stem, bark, and leaves may uncover additional therapeutic agents.