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Volume 5 - Issue 10 - 2026 - Sana'a University Journal of Humanities

Vol. 5 No. 10 (2026)

2026-10-28

30 Articles

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Articles

30 Articles

"The Impact of a Virtual Learning Environment Based on Individual vs. Collaborative Project-Based Learning) on Developing Educational Software Production Skills Among Pre-service Computer Teachers at– Sana'a University"

Jamal Mohammed Saleh Yahya Yahya, Ahmed Mohammed Abdurrazzaq Al-Nuwaihi, Yahya Abdurrazzaq Qutran

1 - 35

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2657

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of a virtual learning environment (VLE) utilizing individual and collaborative project-based learning modalities on the development of educational software production skills among pre-service computer teachers at Sana'a University. The study sample comprised 40 third-year undergraduate students enrolled in the Computer Teacher Education program at the Faculty of Education، Sana'a University، during the fall semester of the 2024-2025 academic year. The research employed individual and collaborative project approaches، which were implemented across two groups. A pre-test/post-test design was administered to assess both the cognitive and performance domains. Data were analyzed using paired and independent samples t-tests، alongside the calculation of effect size indices (Cohen's d and Eta-squared \eta ή2) and Black's modified gain ratio.

The findings revealed a statistically significant improvement with a substantial effect size across all groups in both the cognitive and performance domains (evidenced by high eta ή2and d values، and a Black's gain ratio > 1.2). Post-hoc comparisons further demonstrated the superiority of the collaborative project modality over the individual one، particularly concerning practical skill performance. These results underscore the efficacy of project-based learning within virtual environments and its profound educational impact. Consequently، the study recommends the integration of collaborative project activities within higher education virtual learning enviro moments، the development of standardized performance observation rubrics، and the provision of technical support and pedagogical training for both faculty and students. Furthermore، it suggests conducting subsequent longitudinal and qualitative studies to enhance the generalizability and sustainability of these findings.

Keywords

Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) Active Learning Project-Based Learning Educational Software Production

Humanitarian Responses of Social Care Organizations to Forcibly Displaced Persons in The Gaza Strip As An Approach to Achieving Social Protection

Amjad Mohammed Al-Mufti, Ahmed Mohammed Saeed Al-Arbeed, Adel Mohammed Al-Nabih

36 - 57

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.3553

Abstract

This study sought to ascertain the level of humanitarian responses delivered by social welfare organizations to forcibly displaced populations in the Gaza Strip, framing such responses as a pathway to the realization of social protection. Adopting a descriptive design, the study employed the social survey method through a sampling technique. Data were collected by a questionnaire developed by the researcheres and administered to a randomly selected sample of (379) displaced household heads residing in camps and displacement centers in western Gaza City.The most important findings of the study:The findings indicate that the level of health-related responses provided by social welfare organizations to displaced persons in shelter centers was low (M = 1.42). Similarly, social responses (M = 1.41), psychological responses (M = 1.38), and relief and livelihood responses (M = 1.41) were all rated as low. Protection-related responses also recorded a low level (M = 1.37). The most important recommendations of the study: In light of these findings, the study advances several key recommendations, including the provision of permanent and mobile field clinics; the expansion of health awareness and preventive initiatives; the deployment of qualified and trained personnel capable of delivering psychological first aid; the organization of both group-based and individual support sessions; and the promotion of community-based activities aimed at fostering cooperation and mitigating internal conflicts. Additionally, the study underscores the necessity of transitioning from ad hoc assistance to needs-based aid, enhancing distributive equity.

Keywords

humanitarian responses organizations social welfare forcibly displaced persons Gaza Strip protection

Jurisprudential Foundations of Contemporary Issues in Water Technologies and Modern Methods of Purification and Sterilization: An Applied Study

Belal M Alourani

58 - 75

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.3630

The impact of soft warfare on the Yemeni economy during the period (2011-2025)

Mohammed Lotf Al-Hadrami

76 - 117

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2976

Abstract

The study aimed to analyze the impact of soft war on the Yemeni economy during the period (2011-2025). In light of the aggression, other dimensions of the war emerged, represented in the use of soft, psychological, media, and economic war tools, with the aim of undermining state structures, shaking confidence in its institutions, and deepening the social and economic division. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and the study concluded that the tools of soft war played a pivotal role in accelerating the pace of economic collapse in Yemen, and that the transfer of the functions of the Central Bank to Aden in 2016 was not an ordinary administrative procedure, but rather a tool of soft war that deepened the monetary division and produced a sharp price gap between Sana'a and Aden by 2025. It also observed the politicization of some humanitarian aid and its direction according to external agendas; This has weakened state institutions and created regional imbalances. The study pointed to the systematic plundering of oil, gas, and sovereign revenues to finance the war economy, diverting funds from the public treasury. It also revealed that media disinformation campaigns have created an atmosphere of uncertainty, resulting in two separate economies and exacerbating inflation. The study documented a sharp decline in per capita real GDP between 2015 and 2024, with poverty reaching record levels. It recommended adopting a resilient economic model based on supporting agriculture and unifying revenue-generating institutions under a single national authority. It also stressed the need to enhance transparency, integrate concepts of economic security and soft warfare into education, and incorporate their implications into any political settlement. The study proposed countermeasures including unifying the central bank, regulating monetary policy, combating rumors economically and through the media, and achieving effective governance for managing resources and aid.

Keywords

Soft Warfare Yemeni Economy Economic Security

Strategic Options for Hamas Regarding Trump’s 2025 Peace Plan for Gaza

Zaid Ali Al-Warith

118 - 139

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.3087

The Role of Human Resources Training in Enhancing Organizational Performance(A Field Study in Private Hospitals in the Capital Secretariat – Sana’a)

Dawlah Yasser Ahmed Abdul-Mughni, Hamoud Abdullah Aqilan

140 - 174

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2845

he Importance of Compliance with Disclosure Before Contracting

Ahmed Yahya Mohammed Ali Al-Yousufi, Abd Allah Ali Hassin Al-Kheari

175 - 194

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2757

The effectiveness of a program based on the constructivist learning strategy in developing functional and creative written expression skills among primary school students in the capital, Sana'a

Taha Hassan Ahmed Alwadhaf, Ahlam Mohammed Sharaf Al-Din

195 - 223

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2712

Two New Inscriptions Dated 983 AH By the Craftsman Abdullah bin Ahmed Al-Mutalali"An Archaeological and Artistic Study: Comparative Analysis"

Hassan Lutf Ahmed Al-Rassas, Mabrook Mohammed Al-TDamari

224 - 244

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2979

Abstract

This study documents and analyzes two newly discovered tombstone inscriptions produced by the craftsman Abdullah bin Ahmed Al-Mutalali, both dated to 983 AH / 1575 CE. They are located on the eastern side of the cemetery of Saada city in Yemen. The study revolves around the question of the relationship between the quality of craftsmanship and production standards: Did the production follow inherited, fixed models, or did it reflect individual creativity by the craftsman? To what extent is the level of skill linked to the status of the deceased or the craftsman's skill? The study aims to identify the industrial and artistic characteristics that distinguished Yemeni tombstone production at the end of the 10th century AH, as well as the distinctive features of Al-Mutalali’s works. The importance of the study lies in the fact that the two inscriptions represent a unique case of precise chronological synchrony, allowing for a definitive dating of the practices of Islamic craftsmanship and art, and reflecting a distinguished artistic school in Yemen. The study employs a descriptive, analytical, and comparative archaeological methodology and reaches several key conclusions: The two inscriptions exemplify a distinctive model of Yemeni Islamic art at the end of the 10th century AH which continued to flourish with its local traditions. It confirms that the craft of tombstone and commemorative inscriptions in Yemen reached an advanced level of innovation and aesthetic awareness during the same period. Moreover, the works of the craftsman Abdullah Al-Mutalali were also characterized by integration in his artistic designs and exceptional precision and skill in carving, reflecting his outstanding capability in artistic production

Keywords

Two Tombstone Inscriptions Stone Carving Saada Cemetery 10th Century AH Abdullah Al-Mutlali Yemeni Islamic Art

Phantom Limbs Symptoms in Children with Amputated Limbs and its Relationship to Some Demographic and Clinical Variables

sma'a Ahmad Abd Ul qader Sharf Uddeen

245 - 266

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2228

The challenges faced by faculty members in the Science Department, Faculty of Education, Sana'a, in using digital virtual laboratories

Basheer Ahmed Mohammed Mofareh Al-Gabrni

267 - 304

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2921

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the challenges faced by faculty members and their assistants in using digital virtual laboratories at the Science Department, Faculty of Education, Sana'a, and to determine the statistical significance of these challenges according to the variables of academic rank and experience. The study employed a descriptive methodology. The study population consisted of 52 faculty members, representing the entire staff of the Science Department at the Faculty of Education, Sana'a. A questionnaire was designed as the data collection instrument, comprising ten sections and 50 items. Analysis of the results revealed the following:

The overall average score for the perceived challenges of using virtual laboratories was 1.831, representing 61% of respondents.

Challenges related to equipment ranked first, with an average score of 2.441, representing 81% of respondents.

Challenges related to teaching ranked second, with an average score of 2.322, representing 77% of respondents.

The perceived level of challenges was high among teaching assistants, with an average score of 2.76, while it was lower among assistant professors, with an average score of 1.63. The challenges were rated highly by those with ten or more years of experience, with an average score of 2.87.

The study recommended the following:

The need to develop virtual laboratory equipment that aligns with the science curriculum at the Faculty of Education, Sana'a.

Conducting training courses for faculty members and their assistants in the Science Curriculum Department at the Faculty of Education, Sana'a.

Providing sufficient financial resources to cover the expenses of the virtual laboratories and ensuring internet access in the Science Department.

Establishing a maintenance center for computer equipment, technologies, and digital software.

Keywords

Challenges Virtual Laboratories Faculty Members Science

The extent to which reflective thinking skills are present in the content of the ninth-grade science textbook at the basic education stage in the Republic of Yemen

Hassel Nasser Ali Hassel

305- 341

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2953

The impact of Total Quality Management Standards in ImprovingInstitutional Performance in the Yemeni Health Sector

Haifa Mohammed Ali Al-Khayat, Abdulaziz Mohammed Al-Mekhlafi

342 - 377

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2769

The Substantive Provisions of Cybercrimes

Mujahid Ahmed Ahmed Al-Amdi

378 - 418

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.3046

The effectiveness of a proposed educational program based on the principles of green chemistry in developing scientific awareness among first-year secondary school students in Shabwa Governorate, Republic of Yemen

Majed Faisal Nasser Ahmed Al-Hamzah, Hunain Mohammed Yahya Al-Surayhi

419 - 455

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2867

Abstract

This study aimed to measure the effectiveness of a proposed educational program—based on the principles of green chemistry—in developing scientific sense among first-year secondary school students in Shabwah Governorate, Republic of Yemen. The study employed a descriptive-constructive approach, as well as a quasi-experimental design (a single-group, pre-test/post-test model) to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed program. The study sample consisted of 60 first-year secondary students from Bayhan Secondary School, located in the Bayhan District of Shabwah Governorate, Yemen. The researchers developed an instrument to assess the cognitive aspects of scientific sense; after verifying its validity and reliability, it was administered to the sample both before and after the intervention. The study reached the following conclusions:

1. The final version of the proposed educational program, based on green chemistry principles, consists of four study units, comprising a total of 17 lessons (with each unit containing four to five lessons).

2. The selected study unit from the program covers three main topics—subdivided into several subtopics—distributed across eight sessions (two sessions per week), in addition to six sessions dedicated to the pre-test and post-test assessments.

3. There are statistically significant differences (at the α ≤ 0.05 level) between the mean scores of the first-year secondary students in the pre-test and post-test, both for the overall cognitive aspects of scientific sense and for each individual component of the test, with the results favoring the post-test.

In light of these findings... A set of recommendations was developed, most notably the enhancement of science curricula in general—and chemistry curricula at the secondary school level in particular—to align with scientific advancements related to green chemistry and its applications.

Keywords

Effectiveness proposed educational program green chemistry scientific sense

Family problems of physically disabled Palestinian wounded: The Al-Salamah Charitable Foundation as a model

ziad jamal shaeban Kerret

456 - 480

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.3445

Yemeni Media Professionals’ Attitudes toward the Credibility of Videographic Journalism on the Websites of Satellite News Channels: A Survey Study

Latifa Mohammed Ahmed Al-Faqih

481 - 511

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2830

Abstract

This study aims to explore Yemeni media professionals’ attitudes toward the credibility of videographic journalism on the websites of satellite news channels, in terms of exposure level, degree of trust and reliance, motives and effects, attitudes toward credibility standards, and their evaluation of media richness criteria. It also seeks to identify the factors influencing their acceptance and adoption of videographic journalism from their own perspectives.

The study belongs to the descriptive research tradition and adopts the media survey method. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to a purposive sample of 466 Yemeni media professionals who follow videographic journalism in the capital Sana’a and various governorates of the Republic of Yemen.

The findings reveal the following results;

Yemeni media professionals’ attitudes toward the credibility of videographic journalism on the websites of satellite news channels (Al Arabiya, Al Jazeera, BBC Arabic, and DW) were generally neutral, indicating a relative level of acceptance and adoption that leans toward positivity and endorsement, albeit with certain reservations.

The most prominent credibility criteria perceived by Yemeni media professionals as being available in videographic journalism on satellite news channel websites were attractiveness, immediacy, interactivity, accuracy, and comprehensiveness.

Keywords

Videographic Journalism Satellite News Channel Websites Credibility Attitudes Yemeni Media Professionals

Signs of Alienation and Their Semiotic Representations in the Works of Gibran Khalil Gibran and Elia Abu Madi: A Comparative Study

Sultan bin Saeed Murai’ Abu Dabeel

512 - 533

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.3734

Abstract

This study, entitled “Signs of Alienation and Their Semiotic Representations in the Works of Kahlil Gibran and Elia Abu Madi: A Comparative Study,” investigates the ways in which the experience of alienation is constructed in their texts through a network of signs and relationships, and how these signs are organized into a semantic structure that reveals the specificity of the experience in each poet’s work. The study aims to identify the most prominent spatial, natural, subjective, and temporal signs; analyze their functions and interrelationships; elucidate the semantic binary oppositions that contribute to constructing representations of alienation; and highlight the points of convergence and divergence between the two experiences. Its significance derives from combining the study of alienation with a semiotic approach, which makes it possible to move beyond identifying manifestations of alienation toward analyzing the signs that produce its meaning and the mechanisms through which they are organized within the text. The study adopts a semiotic approach, drawing also on the comparative method, and is structured around an introductory section and three main sections addressing spatial signs, natural signs, and subjective and temporal signs, with comparison incorporated throughout the analysis. The study concludes that alienation is constructed through an interconnected network of signs whose meanings are determined by their relationship to the self, the other, and the context. In Gibran’s work, space tends to constitute an alternative realm that accommodates the self and grants it freedom and protection, whereas in Elia’s work, it is associated with departure, separation from the original place, and the search for another horizon. Likewise, nature becomes, in Gibran’s work, an inner equivalent of the self, while in Elia’s work it becomes a mirror of wakefulness, wandering, and waiting. Gibran’s experience tends toward an existential and value-oriented horizon that invokes nature, love, and dreams, whereas Elia’s experience takes shape through fear, loneliness, anxiety, and searching. This highlights the distinctive poetic vision of each poet and the multiplicity of semiotic trajectories through which alienation manifests itself in their respective experiences.

Keywords

Alienation Semiotic Kahlil Gibran Elia Abu Mad[]p

Women and International Peacebuilding Strategies: Selected Examples

Lara Hassan Abdullah

534 - 551

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2943

Abstract

This study provides an analytical examination of the role of women and peacebuilding strategies at the international level through a comparative analysis of two case studies of peace processes in countries that have experienced armed conflicts and political transitions, namely Colombia and Liberia. The study aims to explore the role of women in formulating peacebuilding strategies, as well as to identify the challenges and opportunities they encounter in this field.

The study adopts three methodological approaches. First, the historical method is employed to trace and describe the evolution of the concept of peacebuilding and to examine the role of women within it. Second, the analytical method is utilized to assess policies and strategies that enhance women’s participation, particularly in formal peace negotiations, with the objective of achieving stable and sustainable peace. Third, the comparative method is applied to analyze variations across political, social, and cultural contexts, highlighting women’s capacity to influence peacebuilding and post-conflict processes through diverse tools, including mediation, negotiation, economic empowerment, institutional participation, and grassroots advocacy.

The study yields several key findings, most notably that women’s participation in peacebuilding extends beyond symbolic representation to encompass practical and effective mechanisms. Moreover, women’s strategies are often more deeply rooted in both local and international societal contexts and demonstrate a greater capacity to build trust among conflicting parties. The study concludes by recommending the need to strengthen women’s representation in formal peace negotiations and to ensure their meaningful participation in post-conflict phases.

Keywords

Women Resolution 1325 Peacebuilding Post-Conflict Peace and Security

The Impact of Supply Chain Integration in Enhancing Competitive Advantage: Field Study at Cement Factories in Yemen

Ibrahim Abdulwahab Ali Alsuhili, Jamal Dirhim Ahmed Zaid

552 - 578

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2523

The Effect of Internal Audit Outsourcing in Improving the Quality of Internal Audit in Financial Institution Operating in Yemen: A Field Study

Haitham Ahmed Saeed Ghaleb, Abdulhamid Manea Al-Sayh

579 - 618

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2939

Abstract

The study aimed to identify the effect of relying on external sources to provide internal audit services on improving the quality of internal auditing in financial institutions operating in the Republic of Yemen. This was examined by focusing on the impact of the external provider’s independence and specialized technical expertise. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach and used a questionnaire as a tool for data collection. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of banks operating in the Republic of Yemen, consisting of (31) banks, including Islamic banks, government and mixed banks, private commercial banks, and microfinance banks, as well as insurance companies operating in Yemen (16) companies. The questionnaire was distributed to 226 respondents working in financial departments, internal audit departments, and audit committee members in those financial institutions, in addition to employees working in audit firms and offices that audit the accounts of banks and insurance companies.

The study concluded that there is a high effect of relying on external sources in improving the quality of internal auditing according to the dimensions of the study. It also found that the dimensions of independence and specialized technical expertise of the external provider significantly contribute to improving the quality of internal auditing. The study recommended encouraging financial institutions to adopt the option of relying on external sources as an organizational and strategic choice that contributes to improving the quality of internal auditing. It also recommended that relevant regulatory and professional bodies, such as the Central Bank of Yemen and professional associations, issue guidelines and instructions that encourage the systematic use of outsourcing for internal audit services.

Keywords

Internal Audit Internal Audit Outsourcing Internal Audit Quality Financial Institution Yemeni

Western Political Thought and the State in the "Other": A Critical Reading of the Clash of Civilizations Thesis in Light of 16th goal of SDGs 2030

khaled kasem kasem

619 -643

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2745

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze contemporary Western political thought regarding the construction of the nation-state in non-western societies، focusing on the "Clash of Civilizations" thesis. It traces the intellectual roots of this thesis in the works of Arnold Toynbee and Bernard Lewis، and in the Arab context through Mahdi Elmandjra، culminating in Samuel Huntington، whose ideas remain the most influential and controversial in shaping American policies and strategies toward the "Other." The study also explores the implications of these conceptions for achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)، particularly the 16th goal، which addresses peace، justice، and strong institutions.

The research adopting content analysis and a descriptive-analytical approach، and finds that these theses are largely ideological more than scientific، serving American interests rather than scientific inquiry. They contributed to weakening nation-states، fueling internal conflicts، and eroding identities in non-Western societies. The findings highlight how Western political thought continues to shape global strategies toward the "Other،" creating significant obstacles to progress on Sustainable Development issues generally and on the 16th goal particularly.

The scientific contribution of this study lies in linking the tenets of Western political thought to issues of sustainable development and underscores the need for further critical research to expose the ideological dimensions of Western thought and its policy impact. It calls for reconsidering global development programs and advancing alternative theoretical frameworks and practical approaches rooted in the cultural، social، and religious specificities of non-Western societies، while drawing on successful Asian and African experiences

Keywords

Sociology of Development P. Huntington SDG16 Western Political Thought The Clash of Civilizations

Using Artificial Neural Networks to study landslides and Rockfall Hazards in Maswar, Amran District

Mohammad Nasser Al-Bakri, Belqees Mabkhoot Nasser Salah

644 - 671

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.3322

Abstract

This study aims to a Spatial develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based model for predicting landslide and rockfall hazards and to produce a susceptibility map for these phenomena in Maswar District, Amran Governorate, Yemen, utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. Twelve geological, geomorphological, hydrological, climatic, environmental, and anthropogenic factors influencing hazard occurrence were evaluated. Spatial datasets were collected, preprocessed, and standardized into a uniform digital format for model building. The dataset, comprising historical records and field observations of landslide and rockfall events, was partitioned into training, validation, and testing subsets. The ANN model incorporated two hidden layers to maximize predictive performance, and its outputs were exported to the ArcGIS environment for spatial susceptibility mapping.

The resulting map classifies the study area into five susceptibility levels: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. Approximately (30.44%) of the district falls within the high to very high susceptibility categories. Model validation yielded an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of (0.68) for the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, indicating satisfactory predictive capability. The model achieved an overall accuracy of (0.72), a precision of (0.714), and a recall of (0.50), demonstrating operational effectiveness. The generated susceptibility map exhibits strong spatial correspondence with previously published hazard maps.

The findings indicate that the produced map provides reliable hazard modeling. This research underscores the value of integrating machine learning with GIS to support spatial planning and natural hazard risk management.

Keywords

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Geomorphological Hazards Machine Learning Landslides Rockfall

The Effectiveness of a Program Based on 21st Century Skills for Teaching Islamic Education in Developing Future Thinking Skills Among Third-Grade Secondary Female Students in Sana'a Capital Secretariat

Taqwa Mohammed Abduh Taha Al-Hattari, Abdul-Salam Abdu Qasim Al-Makhlafi, Ammat Al-Razzaq Mohammed Ahmed Al-Washali

672 - 705

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2837

Abstract

This research aimed to reveal the effectiveness of a program based on 21st-century skills for teaching Islamic education in developing future thinking skills among third-grade secondary female students in Sana'a Capital Secretariat. To achieve the research objectives, the descriptive approach based on the (construction and development method) was used in preparing the list of 21st-century skills, constructing the educational program, and building the future thinking skills scale. The quasi-experimental approach was used in designing the experiment, specifically the "two-group design: experimental and control," with pre- and post-measurements. The study sample consisted of (56) female students, who were randomly selected and then randomly divided into two equivalent groups: the first, an experimental group, to which the program based on 21st-century skills was applied, consisting of (29) female students; and the second, a control group, which learned by the usual method, consisting of (27) female students. The experiment was conducted on the study sample members in the first semester of the academic year 2024/2025. The research reached the following results: There were statistically significant differences at the (0.001) significance level between the mean scores of the experimental and control group students in the post-application of the future thinking scale, and the differences were in favor of the experimental group students. Also, there were statistically significant differences at the (0.001) significance level between the mean scores of the experimental group students in the pre- and post-applications of the future thinking skills scale, and the differences were in favor of the post-application of the scale. The program based on 21st-century skills achieved significant effectiveness in developing future thinking skills among the experimental group students from the third-grade secondary female students in Sana'a Capital Secretariat, as the value of the adjusted gain ratio for the effect size at the instrument level as a whole was (1.33), which is a value greater than the ratio (1.2) specified by Black for large effectiveness. The research presented a set of recommendations and suggestions, including using the program based on 21st-century skills in teaching courses, especially the Islamic education curriculum in all educational stages, the necessity of including future thinking skills in Islamic education curricula, and paying attention to developing future thinking among general education students.

Keywords

Program 21st Century Skills Future Thinking

The Salafi Identity in Yemen: Change vs. Stability(1980–2024)

Halima Abdullah Jahaf

706 - 738

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2860

Abstract

Salafi Identity in Yemen Between Continuity and Change (1980–2024)

This study aims to provide a comprehensive description and analysis of contemporary Salafi thought in Yemen, from its emergence in the 1980s through 2024. It primarily seeks to trace the factors shaping Salafi identity, examine the intellectual and political transformations experienced by the movement, and assess the extent to which it has maintained its foundational principles in contrast to the changes it has undergone as a result of successive political and social crises.

The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to document historical developments and analyze their implications and reflections on the intellectual structure of Salafism. It also employs an inductive method to trace the movement’s trajectories, alongside deductive and critical approaches to analyze the positions of Salafi leaders. Additionally, a comparative method is utilized in selected contexts to evaluate differences among various currents.

Key Findings:

The study reaches several key conclusions, most notably:

• Salafism in Yemen has undergone fundamental transformations that have led it to depart from its original rigid foundational approach established by Sheikh Muqbil al-Wadi‘i, particularly regarding the rejection of partisanship and political engagement.

• External influences (regional and international) have played a prominent and pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of the Salafi movement, redirecting it at times to serve specific political agendas.

• A significant fragmentation of Salafi identity has occurred, resulting in the emergence of divergent currents (traditional scholarly, activist, and politico-military), with some factions becoming involved in armed activities as “instruments” within both internal and external conflicts.

• The early shift toward charitable work through associations served as a gateway for Salafism’s political engagement, contributing to a weakening of doctrinal “continuity” in favor of pragmatic “change.”

Keywords

Salafism Identity Dar al-Hadith, Change and Stability Yemen

Obstacles to Achieving Effectiveness in the Social Work Field Training Program: An Analytical Study of the Views of Social Workers and Students in the Capital Secretariat (Sana'a)

Abed Abdullah Hassan Hadi

739 - 769

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2965

The Role of Applying Balanced Scorecard on Implementing Competitive StrategyA Field Study in Yemeni Banks Operating in the Capital Sana'a

Ahmed Yahea Abdallah Al-Dailami, Abdullah Abdullah AL-Sanafi

770 - 808

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2849

Abstract

This Study aimed to explore the role of Balanced Scorecard processes (vision translation, communication and linkage, business planning, and feedback and learning) in implementing the competitive strategies (cost leadership and differentiation) in Yemeni banks operating in the capital, Sana’a. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach. The study population consisted of managers and employees working at the headquarters of banks in the capital, Sana’a, totaling 739 individuals. The targeted sample size was 266 respondents, and data were collected using a questionnaire instrument. The number of valid questionnaires suitable for statistical analysis reached 212. The study employed the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 28, to analyze the study data. The study reached several key findings, most notably that Balanced Scorecard processes contribute to the implementation of both cost leadership and differentiation strategies in Yemeni banks. The results also indicated that the relationship between Balanced Scorecard processes and the implementation of competitive strategies is an indirect relationship mediated through intermediate pathways, which act as mechanisms for transferring the impact of Balanced Scorecard processes to the implementation of cost leadership and differentiation strategies. The study presented a set of major recommendations, including the need to adopt appropriate measures to strengthen the application of Balanced Scorecard processes in implementing competitive strategies within Yemeni banks.

Keywords

Balanced Scorecard Cost Leadership Strategy Differentiation Strategy

Legal Status of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operators in Non-International Armed Conflicts

Ali Naji Al-Awj, Hikmat Ahmed Abdulhameed Al-Amrani, Sinan Abdullah Hassan Al-Du'ais

809 - 849

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.3090

A Comparative Study of Hedging Expressions in the Conclusion Sections of Science Research Articles Authored by Yemeni Nonnative English Writers and English Native Writers

Areej Esmail Mohammed Abdulmughni, Abdulhameed Abdulwahed Ashuja'a

850 - 868

2026-10-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2987

Abstract

This study explores the use of hedges in the Conclusion sections of scientific research articles (RAs) written by Yemeni nonnative English writers (NNEWs) and native English writers (NEWs). To this end, a corpus was collected of 48 Conclusion sections of research articles (24 by NNEWs and 24 by NEWs) published over a span of two years (2022-2024) in four science disciplines: Chemistry, Physics, Biology, and Medicine. The corpus was analyzed using AntConc concordance program, supplemented by manual analysis to ensure the identified items have hedging functions in their specific contexts and then to sort them into categories according to Hyland’s (1996a, 1998b) poly-pragmatic model. The results revealed that while the overall frequency of the identified hedging items was very similar across both groups of writers, there were noticeable differences in terms of the categories employed. Yemeni NNEWs exhibited a greater tendency towards Attribute and Writer-oriented hedges, whereas native writers favored Reliability hedges. Regarding disciplinary variation, Medicine articles by both writer groups employed the highest proportion of hedges, followed by Physics and Biology articles in favor of Yemeni NNEWs. Chemistry articles had the lowest proportion of hedges in the two groups in favor of NEWs. The findings suggest that cultural variation in hedging lies in strategic preference and positioning rather than overall frequency, which has implications for scientific writing pedagogy and cross-cultural research.

Keywords

Hedging Research Articles Disciplinary Variation Cultural Variation

Applying the Multidimensional Quality Metrics for Examining the Quality of Senior Students' Arabic Translations of English Finance Terms Used by the World Bank

هBara'ah Abdullah Alsamawi, Abdulhameed Ashuja'a

867 - 884

2026-10-28

pdf

DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i10.2814

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the quality of senior translation students' Arabic translation of English finance terms commonly used by the World Bank, using the Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM). To achieve this aim, a list was compiled of 26 financial terms gleaned from documents of the World Bank and then was developed as a translation test administered to 50 senior translation students. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the data translations using the MQM model and the SPSS program. Translation errors were classified as minor, major, or critical in accordance with the MQM framework. Overall, accuracy was identified as the most significant challenge in financial translation, followed by verity and fluency. Based on these findings, the study recommends that specialized financial terminology be integrated into translation curricula, with a special focus on accuracy-oriented training. It also suggests that academic institutions pay more attention to the practical application of financial translation through using authentic financial texts and that they should develop and implement a specialized English-Arabic glossary of financial terms. This glossary must be regularly updated to incorporate newly emerging financial terminology, ensuring that it remains relevant and comprehensive. These steps will help translation students enhance their financial literacy and familiarize themselves with standardized terminology and translation strategies that can ensure highly qualified financial translation.

Keywords

TQA financial terms World Bank (MQM) model

Volume 5 - Issue 10 - 2026 - Sana'a University Journal of Humanities

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