العدد الحالي

Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

مجلد 4 عدد 9 (2026)

2026-09-28

12 مقال

The Fourth Volume – The Ninth Issue of the Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

المقالات

12 مقالات

Macro-F1 for the main synthetic anomaly-detector comparison.

NFGA-LINEAR: An Explainable Neuro-Fuzzy Genetic Framework for Forecasting Anomaly-Affected Data-Scarce Time Series

Muneef Abdulkareem Farea Ahmed، Ahmed Al-Shalabi (المؤلف)

2428-2440

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3303

الملخص

Reliable forecasting becomes particularly challenging when a time series is short, nonlinear, and contaminated by occasional, abnormal observations. We develop NFGA-LINEAR, an interpretable Takagi–Sugeno–Kang neurofuzzy framework in which a genetic algorithm jointly determines the number of rules and optimizes Gaussian antecedents and rule-specific linear consequents. A robust residual-based procedure was incorporated for anomaly detection. The framework was assessed using weekly data from the Cholera, ILINet, and household electricity series using a leakage-controlled, one-step-ahead walk-forward design. XGBoost, LSTM, NFGA Core, and NFGA-LINEAR were evaluated using ten matched random seeds, whereas deterministic methods were summarized through single-run descriptive comparisons. Performance was dataset-dependent: Persistence produced the lowest RMSE for Cholera, ARIMA ranked first for ILINet, and Prophet and XGBoost differed by only approximately 1.1 × 10⁻⁶ RMSE on Electricity. In the prespecified matched ablation, replacing the constant consequents of NFGA-Core with local linear consequents lowered the mean RMSE by 69.0%, 40.2%, and 4.5% for Cholera, ILINet, and Electricity, respectively. Exact Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, followed by Holm correction across the three primary comparisons, gave adjusted p values of 0.0059, 0.0059, and 0.0371. Under synthetic anomaly- injection rates of 5% and 10%, NFGA-LINEAR achieved the highest macro-F₁ for Cholera and ILINet, whereas Prophet performed best on Electricity. Fixed-model NFGA-LINEAR inference required approximately 0.081–0.110 ms per observation, with an approximate stored parameter representation of 1.9 2.8 KB. These findings position NFGA-LINEAR as a compact and transparent accuracy–complexity compromise while confirming that neither its forecasting nor detection performance is uniformly superior across datasets.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Neuro-Fuzzy Systems Genetic Algorithm Time Series Forecasting Data Scarcity Anomaly Detection.

Influence of Nano Cu2O additions on some physical properties of Sn-9Zn melt-spun solder alloy

Ahmed Al-jarbani، Shakib Alsowidy (المؤلف)

2441-2449

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3005

الملخص

X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and surface deformation resistance (Vickers hardness HV) measurements have been used to examine the influence of Cu₂O nanoparticles on some physical characteristics of the Sn-9Zn eutectic melt-spun solder alloy at various concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 wt.%. Five compositions of Sn-9 wt.% Zn-x wt.% Cu₂O (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5) were prepared from Sn, Zn elements, and Cu₂O nanoparticles with a purity of 99.99% using melt-spinning method. XRD and SEM results indicated that adding Cu₂O nanoparticles to the Sn-9Zn solder alloy produces a fine and high homogeneity microstructure. This is due to the grain boundary pinning effect by Cu₂O nanoparticles, which are dispersed in the solder matrix, causing a uniform microstructure. DSC results exhibited that, as more Cu₂O nanoparticles were added, thermal stability and a higher melting temperature were observed. Vickers hardness (HV) examinations showed that, Cu₂O additives enhance the surface resistance for the plastic indentation with different loads. Just as with 25 gf, the smallest value is 5.5 HV without Cu₂O content, while the highest value is 14.8 HV at 1 wt.% Cu₂O content. This observation is because Cu₂O nanoparticles increase structure density, which agrees with the SEM results.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Eutectic Sn-9Zn Cu2O nanoparticles Melt- spun process Microstructure stability Thermal properties Vickers hardness.

Location of the Hababah sub-watershed (Study Area).

Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis for Rainwater Harvesting Site Suitability Using GIS and AHP: A Case Study of Hababah Sub-Watershed, Amran Governorate, Yemen

Khalid Al-Laith، أحمد الوادعي، فضل النزيلي، مساعد عقلان (المؤلف)

2450-2463

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3305

الملخص

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has become a necessity rather than a luxury in addressing increased water scarcity. However, identifying suitable locations for RWH systems remain a significant challenge, particularly in data-scarce and resource-limited contexts. This study aims to determine optimal sites for surface rainwater harvesting using GIS and AHP by integrating both biophysical and socioeconomic criteria for RWH site selection. A mixed-methods approach was employed, where KII’s and FGD’s played a central role in validating the top six biophysical and the top three socioeconomic criteria influencing site suitability. Expert-based PWC were used to assign weights to these criteria, supporting the development of a spatial decision-making model. The generated suitability map reveals that 7.6% of the study area is highly suitable, 23% suitable, 22% moderately suitable,14% marginally suitable, and 33.4% unsuitable for rainwater harvesting. Model field validation was conducted by overlaying 26 existing rainwater harvesting systems onto the suitability map, which showed that 61.5% of the current systems are located in highly and moderately suitable areas, while 38.5% are situated in low-suitability zones, demonstrating the strong predictive performance of the adopted approach and its sensitivity to change in any of the influenced criteria. The study concludes that the integration of multidisciplinary biophysical and socioeconomic criteria through GIS and AHP provides an effective and cost-efficient approach for sustainable resource planning, especially in arid, semi-arid, and data-scarce areas. The study recommends extending this approach to other watersheds, and strengthening the integration of socioeconomic aspects with modern geospatial techniques to enhance sustainable water resource management.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) Site Suitability Spatial Analysis GIS APH Hababah sub-watershed

A) Morphological Parts of the Opuntia fiscus-indica, B) fruit pulp

Antioxidant Profiling of Yemeni Varieties of Opuntia ficus-indica Pulp: Method Optimization, Validation, and Regional Evaluation

Lebnan A. H. Al-tnobi، Mahfoudh M. AL-Hamadi، Anass A. Alnedhary Alnedhary، Taiseer H. Al-Hoded (المؤلف)

2464-2474

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3123

الملخص

This study investigates the phytochemical properties and antioxidant potential of Opuntia ficus-indica growing in Yemen across diverse topographical regions, including Dhamar, Ibb, Sana’a, and Taiz. Despite its prevalence, Yemeni varieties remain scientifically under-characterized within the local context. This research focused on optimizing extraction protocols and quantifying the antioxidant content using spectrophotometric methods. The Extraction optimization identified deionized water as the superior solvent for bioactive recovery. The vortex extraction technique at 2 min was selected for its high efficiency and rapid processing, yielding 909.40±23.12 AAE/kg FW. Method validation demonstrated excellent linearity (R² ≥ 0.9967), high precision (%RSD < 3.665%), and recovery (%R 91.29–101.22%). Analysis of 25 real samples collected from various topographical regions in Yemen revealed that TAA ranged from 767.95 to 929.49 mg AAE/kg FW, TPC values ranged from 535.95 to 673.20 mg GAE/kg FW, while TFC varied between 28.75 and 87.50 mg QE/kg FW. These results establish a comprehensive phytochemical profile for Yemeni varieties of Opuntia ficus-indica, enhancing their economic and industrial value in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Opuntia ficus-indica Extraction Optimization Antioxidants Method Validation Yemen

The Therapeutic Effect of Olive Oil and Sheep Tallow on Liver Alterations Linked to Induced Atherosclerosis in Male Albino Rats

Bushra Yahya Hassan AL-Khatib، Arwa Ali AL-Subari (المؤلف)

2475-2486

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3299

الملخص

Background: Atherosclerosis is a chronic, multifactorial disease characterized by the accumulation of lipid-rich plaques within the arterial endothelium, frequently resulting in multi organ morbidity. Given the central role of the liver as the primary metabolic hub for lipid homeostasis, this study investigated the therapeutic potential of olive oil (OO) and sheep tallow (ST) in mitigating atherosclerosis-associated hepatic structural and functional alterations.
Methodology: Atherosclerosis was experimentally induced in rats using an atherogenic diet (AGD). The subjects were randomized into six equal groups (n = 7 rats/group): normal baseline control, atherogenic positive control, untreated atherogenic negative control, and three experimental groups treated with simvastatin, ST, or OO. This study evaluated the serum lipid profiles, hepatic protein concentrations, and liver enzyme activities, along with comprehensive histopathological examinations of the hepatic tissues.
Results: AGD administration induced marked dyslipidemia and hepatic dysfunction. However, therapeutic interventions with OO and ST substantially ameliorated the disrupted serum lipid profiles. Furthermore, serum total protein and globulin levels exhibited highly significant improvements (p < 0.0001) following OO and ST administration. The elevated hepatic enzyme activities characteristic of atherogenic injury were significantly attenuated by both dietary fats, most notably by alanine aminotransferase (ALT; p < 0.0001). Histomorphological evaluations confirmed that OO and ST treatments promoted significant hepatocellular repair, considerably reducing necrosis, vacuolation, degeneration, and inflammatory infiltration, which were mainly observed in the untreated atherogenic group.
Conclusion: OO and ST administration in experimental rats exerted therapeutic and hepatoprotective effects, effectively restoring lipid homeostasis and ameliorating functional and structural hepatic alterations induced by atherosclerosis.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Atherosclerosis Dyslipidemia Hepatoprotective Histopathology Liver protein Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) Olive oil Sheep tallow Wistar albino rats.

Top five OHS management success factors based on RII.

Identifying the Key Factors Affecting the Success of Occupational Health and Safety Management during the Implementation of Construction Projects for NGOs in Sana’a, Yemen

Ebtesam M. H. Al-Maance، Fadhl A. S. Al-Nozaily، Tarek A. Barakat (المؤلف)

2487-2496

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.2942

الملخص

The critical role of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) management in supporting construction project success is especially evident in fragile contexts such as Yemen. This study identifies the key factors affecting the success of OHS management during the implementation of construction projects executed by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Sana’a and explores the main challenges that hinder effective implementation. A quantitative design was employed using a closed-ended questionnaire derived from the requirements of ISO 45001:2018, which was distributed to professionals involved in NGO construction projects. Participants were selected through purposive (non-probability) sampling methods. A total of 384 questionnaires were distributed, and 171 valid responses were received and included in the analysis, yielding a response rate of 44.5%. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software. The instrument demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.972). The results indicate that top management commitment, strengthening the OHS culture, and allocating adequate resources are the most influential factors associated with successful OHS management. The most critical implementation challenges were related to the social and cultural context and the provision of personal protective equipment. This study recommends institutionalizing ISO 45001-based OHS management systems in NGO construction projects, strengthening leadership accountability, and ensuring adequate resourcing, training, and monitoring to improve OHS performance in construction projects in Yemen.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Occupational health and safety management systems (OHSMS) ISO 45001 NGO construction projects Yemen Implementation barriers Resource allocation OHS culture

Overall SAM-MATLAB simulation and supervisory-control workflow.

Fuzzy Supervisory Tracking Control for a Solar-Tower CSP Plant with an Equivalent-Area Pentagonal Heliostat Field: A Case Study of Al Hudaydah, Yemen

Hajer Ali Al-Maqaleh، Radwan Al-Bouthigy، Abdul Malik Momin (المؤلف)

2497-2507

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3282

الملخص

Heliostat tracking deviation is one of the optical factors that becomes more visible when the performance of a solar-tower CSP plant is examined over a full year. In this paper, a 100 MW molten-salt solar-tower plant with 8 hours of thermal storage in Al Hudaydah, Yemen, was studied. A baseline annual run was generated in SAM, and the 8760 hourly outputs were then used in MATLAB to compare conventional tracking with PID and Mamdani fuzzy supervisory tracking. The angular-error model was not taken from field measurements; it was introduced as a common simulation disturbance so that the three cases could be compared under the same plant data. The PID and fuzzy supervisors were given the same correction limit, and electricity produced from stored heat was kept in the annual output. Since SAM does not directly resolve the pentagonal mirror shape, the field was treated through equivalent area and optical parameters. According to the fuzzy supervisor, the annual results showed that, in the higher energy output, the generation increased from 384.91 GWh to 389.95 GWh. Reaching 388.05 GWh, PID controller main advantage appeared in the tracking-error response as the variation decreased. Accordingly, fuzzy supervision is suitable for annual generation while PID is better for tracking stability.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Concentrated Solar Power Solar Tower Heliostat Tracking Fuzzy Logic Control Pentagonal Heliostat MATLAB/Simulink System Advisor Model.

Sequential six-state finite state machine (FSM) of the UCT system.

Smooth Planning of Catch-to-Throw Movements for Robotics Systems Through Continuous C1 Trajectory Generation and State-Conditioned Release.

Mohammed Almanari، Adel Rawea، Abdullah A. Dhaiban (المؤلف)

2508-2517

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3285

الملخص

Traditional robotic catching and throwing process chains, often create a pause time of more than 300 ms by dividing catching and throwing into two consecutive steps, and inadequately utilize the post-grasping kinetic state. This paper presents a unified catching and throwing (UCT) process framework that eliminates this discontinuity by using the joint position and velocity (q_c, v_c) measured during grasping confirmation as the initial condition for a Hermite-type piecewise cubic launch trajectory. A six-state finite automaton coordinates the sequence, transitioning from catching to launch in less than 5 ms while maintaining continuity (C¹) to avoid velocity discontinuities. The gripper dynamics are represented by a first-order hold profile, and a Jacobian-based release velocity is coupled to a ballistic flight model for target prediction. The framework was evaluated in over 150 Drake simulations using a KUKA IIWA 14 manipulator. The results showed an overall success rate of 87.3%, an active cycle time of 0.854 s, and an average throw error of 41 mm at a target distance of 2.5 m. Compared to a reference analytical sequential method, the UCT framework reduced the cycle time by 34%, with the improvement primarily due to the elimination of the stop-start phase between capture and throw. The proposed framework is positioned as a practical level 2.5 architecture within a five-level taxonomy of capture-to-throw integration and provides a basis for future hardware implementation of continuous dynamic manipulation.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Catch-throw C1 continuity Cubic Hermite polynomial Jacobian velocity mapping Finite state machine KUKA LBR iiwa manipulator Drake simulation.

Distribution of attack categories in the experimental dataset. Percentages are based on 240 controlled attack executions and should not be interpreted as a universal distribution of Wi-Fi attacks

An Analytical Framework for Wi-Fi Network Attacks and Protection Techniques.

Mohammed Ameen Saleh Al-Bareda (المؤلف)

2518-2532

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.2816

الملخص

Wireless networking technologies have become a foundational element of today’s digital infrastructure, yet their open transmission nature exposes them to a wide spectrum of security threats . This paper introduces an empirically-validated analytical framework for examining Wi-Fi attack techniques and assessing corresponding defense mechanisms, with emphasis on protocol weaknesses and layered protection models. Multiple attack categories—including passive interception, Man-in-the-Middle manipulation, management frame abuse, password-guessing attacks, and rogue access point scenarios—are examined through controlled experimental validation across four protocol generations.
The proposed framework connects attack behaviors to protocol design limitations across legacy and modern standards, including WEP, WPA, WPA2, and WPA3. Modern countermeasures—such as SAE authentication, Protected Management Frames, wireless intrusion detection platforms, and segmented network architectures—are evaluated using empirical data from 240 controlled attack executions in a dedicated wireless testbed .The experimental results demonstrate that WPA3-SAE provides complete resistance to offline dictionary attacks (0% success rate vs. 90% for WPA2-PSK) and key reinstallation attacks (0% vs. 95% for unpatched WPA2), while layered defense strategies reduce overall attack success by 94% compared to protocol-only protection The study highlights that sustainable wireless protection requires a multi-layer defensive strategy that combines protocol hardening, monitoring, and enforcement policies .

الكلمات المفتاحية

Wireless Security Wi-Fi Attacks Encryption Protocols Man-in-the-Middle Denial-of- Service (DoS) WPA3 Intrusion Detection Cyber Threat Intelligence Network Security.

الشكل 1. منطقة الدراسة واماكن اخذ العينات من مكب نفايات الازرقين، صنعاء، اليمن

Geochemical Characterization and Environmental Risk Assessment of Al-Azraqain Landfill Leachate Using LPI and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Foad Mohammed ALshweaa، Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Salah (المؤلف)

2533-2561

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3119

الملخص

Data on the quality of leachate from the Al-Azraqain landfill in Sana'a, Yemen, is extremely limited. This study aimed to fill this gap by providing the first geochemical characterization of the landfill leachate. Five leachate samples representing all accessible leachate sources within the landfill were collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters, including pH, EC, TDS, TOC, TKN, and major and heave elements (K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, As, U, Pb, and Ni) using Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF). The Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were also applied. The results indicate that the landfill has not yet reached the stable methanogenic phase, as evidenced by slightly acidic pH values and elevated concentrations of organic matter, dissolved salts, and major and heave elements. TXRF analysis indicated elevated concentrations of nickel and uranium in most samples. In Sample 5, collected from the main leachate pond downstream of the landfill, TDS, COD, TKN, Fe, Ni, As, and Cu exceeded the proposed Yemeni discharge standards, reaching 25,100, 10,875, 2,242, 28.155, 9.3, 0.828, and 0.257 mg/L, respectively. LPI values ranged from 24.57 to 32.76, substantially exceeding the safe discharge threshold (7.378), indicating that the leachate poses a significant environmental risk to groundwater and surrounding ecosystems. HCA further revealed a close association between organic load and heavy metals, suggesting may enhanced their mobility. This study provides baseline data to support environmental monitoring and remediation planning and recommends future investigations addressing seasonal variations and the impacts of leachate on surrounding groundwater and soils.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Landfill leachate Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) Heavy metals Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) Environmental risk assessment Al-Azraqain landfill Sana’a Yemen

An Integrated Framework to Enhance Penetration Testing for ICT Market Applications

Abdulrahman Mohammed Abdulrahman Ahmed Abutaleb (المؤلف)

2562-2574

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.2857

الملخص

The increasing complexity of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems has created significant challenges for cybersecurity professionals in ensuring comprehensive security assessments. Traditional penetration testing methodologies (e.g., PTES, OWASP WSTG, NIST SP 800-115) often lack systematic integration of modern threat intelligence and fail to address the unique requirements of diverse ICT market applications. This research proposes the IPTF framework, an integrated seven-phase penetration testing methodology designed to enhance security assessment effectiveness across e-commerce web applications and mobile banking platforms. The framework integrates pre-engagement reconnaissance, threat modeling, scanning and enumeration, vulnerability assessment, exploitation, post-exploitation, and comprehensive remediation reporting into a cohesive methodology. Through practical implementation in two distinct case studies, the framework demonstrated significant improvements in vulnerability detection rates, assessment efficiency, and remediation guidance quality. Case Study 1 focused on an e-commerce web application, revealing 47 vulnerabilities including 8 critical issues spanning authentication, payment processing, injection, and access control. Case Study 2 examined an Android mobile banking application, identifying 42 vulnerabilities with 7 critical findings in secure storage and API communications. The framework achieved 94% vulnerability detection accuracy and reduced assessment time by 33% compared to traditional PT methodologies (baseline: PTF by TrustedSec, integrating PTES, OWASP WSTG, and NIST SP 800-115). This research contributes to the field by providing a practical, repeatable, and comprehensive penetration testing methodology that addresses current gaps in ICT security assessment practices. The framework’s modular design allows adaptation to various ICT market segments while maintaining methodological rigor and practical applicability.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Penetration Testing Integrated Penetration Testing Framework (IPTF) ICT Security ICT market applications e-commerce web application

Rigorous Spectral Analysis of a Schrödinger Operator with Fractional and Logarithmic Perturbations: Fixed-Point Formulation and Explicit Constants

Osama A. H. AL-Dahyani، Abdu A. Alkelly (المؤلف)

2575-2611

2026-09-28

PDF

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i9.3539

الملخص

We present a complete spectral analysis of the Schrödinger operator
O0 = − d²/dx²+ μ(μ + 1)/x² + ω²x²
on the half-line L²(0, ∞), perturbed by two unbounded terms: a fractional power O^σ₀ with 0 < σ < 1, and a logarithmic term γ log x. We first prove the complete spectral analysis of O0 via reduction to Laguerre’s equation, and establish that the minimal, maximal, and Friedrichs operators coincide (the limit-point property at both endpoints). We then prove relative boundedness of both perturbations with relative bound zero, and apply the Kato–Rellich theorem to obtain self-adjointness of the full operator, with purely discrete spectrum.
We provide an explicit closed-form formula for the logarithmic matrix elements V^log_mn = ⟨ψm, log x ψn⟩ in terms of the digamma function, prove a uniform bound |V^log_n,n+r | ≤ 1/(2|r|), and derive the complete second-order expansion of the eigenvalues, which includes both a logarithmic term −α(log n + γE − log 2)/(16ωH^∗_n (n + 1)²) with αμ + 1/2 and an algebraic term −λπ²σ(1 − σ)(4ωn)^σ−2/(24H²_n).
Next we develop a fixed-point formulation on the weighted Banach space Z′ ₂, where we prove contraction of the operator B_n(F) with constant 0.032, and obtain an exact implicit equation
En = e_n + γV^log_nn + F_n, F_n = Φ_n(F_n), with Lip(Φ_n) ≤ 2.95 × 10⁻⁶ and |F_n| ≤ 1.26 × 10⁻⁵ω. We further establish: (i) analyticity of E_n(λ, γ) in a neighborhood of (0, 0) with radius ρ = min(Λ_gap/2, ω/175); (ii) a rigorous second-order expansion with both algebraic and logarithmic corrections; (iii) generalization of the composite gap to all σ ∈ (0, 1).
All constants are explicit and numerically usable. The case n = 0 is treated separately due to the index constraint s ≥ 1.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Schrödinger operator discrete spectrum fractional perturbation logarithmic perturbation Kato–Rellich theorem fixed-point formulation explicit constants

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Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

المقالات

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الكلمات المفتاحية

كيفية الاقتباس

التواصل مع المؤلفين

الملخص

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كيفية الاقتباس

التواصل مع المؤلفين

الملخص

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كيفية الاقتباس

التواصل مع المؤلفين

الملخص

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كيفية الاقتباس

التواصل مع المؤلفين

الملخص

الكلمات المفتاحية

كيفية الاقتباس

التواصل مع المؤلفين

الملخص

الكلمات المفتاحية

كيفية الاقتباس

التواصل مع المؤلفين

الملخص

الكلمات المفتاحية

كيفية الاقتباس

التواصل مع المؤلفين

الملخص

الكلمات المفتاحية

كيفية الاقتباس

التواصل مع المؤلفين

الملخص

الكلمات المفتاحية

كيفية الاقتباس

التواصل مع المؤلفين

الملخص

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كيفية الاقتباس

التواصل مع المؤلفين

الملخص

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كيفية الاقتباس

التواصل مع المؤلفين

الملخص

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كيفية الاقتباس

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