مجلد 4 عدد 7 (2026): Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology | مجلة جامعة صنعاء للعلوم التطبيقية والتكنولوجيا

Overall SEAF-FL-MLP design. AGRI, SWAT, WADI, WUSTL-IIoT, and TON-IoT remain separate federated clients. The figure emphasizes the privacy-preserving data flow: local clients send model updates only, while the server performs aggregation, evaluation, quality-gate checking, fairness analysis, and WUSTL shortcut sensitivity analysis.

SEAF-FL-MLP: Audited Federated Edge-AI Anomaly Detection with Client Heterogeneity and Shortcut-Sensitivity Analysis

Hussein Azzan، Abdulsalam Alkholidi (المؤلف)

2292-2305

2026-07-14

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i7.3475

الملخص

Smart agriculture and industrial Internet-of-Things
(IoT) systems increasingly rely on distributed sensors, edge gate-ways, and networked control services, making privacy-preserving and communication-efficient anomaly detection essential. Centralized learning can expose operational telemetry, increase communication overhead, and degrade under heterogeneous non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) client conditions. This paper presents SEAF-FL-MLP, a leakage safe federated edge-AI framework for binary anomaly detection across five heterogeneous IoT clients: AGRI, SWAT, WADI, WUSTL-IIoT, and TON-IoT. The framework integrates split-first preprocessing, train-only imputation/encoding/scaling/feature selection, client- specific processing, a compact multilayer perceptron (MLP), FedAvg aggregation, validation-only threshold selection, and test-only final evaluation. In the audited V9 output, the balanced validation-selected threshold achieved Accuracy=96.32%, Precision=96.67%, Recall = 93.74%, F1-score = 95.18%, ROC-AUC = 98.86%, and PR-AUC = 98.03% on the global held-out test set, with a model size of 0.0372 MB and an estimated total communication cost of 4.4682 MB across 12 federated rounds and five clients. Client-wise analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity: WUSTL-IIoT, TON-IoT, and SWAT achieved strong F1-scores, whereas AGRI and WADI remained challenging stress cases. WUSTL shortcut-reduced sensitivity showed that the WUSTL client remained strong after removing high-risk shortcut-sensitive features, although the global pipeline was partially sensitive to replacing WUSTL with the shortcut-reduced version. FedProx did not materially improve performance under the tested configuration, and the ablation results did not support claiming mutual-information feature selection as a performance-improving component in this run. The results position SEAF-FL-MLP as a compact, communication-efficient, and reproducible federated edge-AI baseline while emphasizing the necessity of transparent client-level, fairness, and shortcut-robustness analysis.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Federated learning edge AI smart agriculture IoT security anomaly detection non-IID data WUSTL- IIoT TON-IoT fairness shortcut sensitivity

Cybersecurity Governance in the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology in Yemen: Empirical Evidence and a Context-Sensitive Framework

Riam Abdulbaset AL-Hakimi AL-Hakimi، Nagi Ali AL-Shaibany (المؤلف)

2306-2317

2026-07-14

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i7.2763

الملخص

Public sector institutions in developing countries increasingly adopt cybersecurity governance frameworks, yet a persistent gap remains between formal adoption and strategic cybersecurity effectiveness. This study investigates this gap through a case study of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology in Yemen, guided by ISO/IEC 27014. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, data were collected from 30 cybersecurity decision-makers across six governance dimensions and analyzed using PLS-SEM. The findings reveal a cybersecurity governance maturity gap, as none of the governance dimensions showed a significant impact on strategic effectiveness despite moderate to high implementation levels. Risk assessment and management exhibited a negative, non-significant relationship, indicating symbolic practices. The study proposes a context-sensitive framework to enhance strategic alignment and effectiveness. The findings offer practical guidance for policymakers in developing countries seeking to transition from compliance-oriented cybersecurity governance toward strategically integrated governance frameworks.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Cybersecurity Governance ISO/IEC 27014 Public Sector Governance Framework Developing Countries PLS-SEM Governance Maturity Ministry of Communications Yemen

Background evolution in QFST. (i) H(z) compared with ΛCDM and Cosmic Chronometer data. (ii) The numerical solution for ˜ν(z) used to reconstruct ΩDE(z).

Quantum Fundamental Speed Theory: Mathematical Derivations of Dark Matter and Dark Energy from the Speed Field

Raheb Ali Mohammed Saleh Aoudh (المؤلف)

2318-2333

2026-07-14

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i7.3446

الملخص

We present a quantum formulation of the Fundamental Speed Theory (QFST) built from the classical FST Lagrangian, where the dimensionless speed field ν^μ plays a dual role: it modifies gravity classically in galaxies, while its quantum excitations behave as ultra-light dark matter on cosmological scales.
On galactic scales, the classical FST equation fits rotation-curve data without dark matter (171 SPARC galaxies, χ² _ν = 0.170). Linearization yields a screening scale μ = 1 /λ_screen, implying a particle mass m = ¯h/(c λ_screen) = 3.88 × 10⁻²⁴ eV, with no free parameters. Quantum corrections to the galactic equation are suppressed by (ℓ_Pl/λ_screen)² ≈ 10⁻¹⁰³, ensuring classical-quantum separation.
Dark energy arises from the logarithmic potential V( ˜ν) = −V0 ln1 + ˜ν²/ν² ₀ . We obtain a positive vacuum energy density ρΛ = [c⁴/(16πGL² ₀)] · U( ˜νnow) and determine ˜νnow = 8.21 × 10⁻¹² by matching the observed _ρΛ. At the background level, QFST reproduces the standard expansion history as tested by Cosmic Chronometer H(z) data. Full discrimination from ΛCDM requires a Boltzmann-code implementation at the perturbation level.
In a spatially flat FLRW spacetime, we derive the reduced kinetic scalar including Hν terms, construct the stressenergy tensor T^(ν) _μν , and obtain closed-form expressions for ρ_νand p_ν. The equation of state w(z) = p_ν/ρ_ν is determined by the coupled background system (Friedmann equations plus the ν(t) equation of motion). Detailed derivations and dimensional checks are provided in the appendices.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Quantum Fundamental Speed Theory Dark Matter Dark Energy Ultralight Dark Matter Modified Gravity Logarithmic Potential Screening Length Quantum Suppression Schrödinger–Poisson System FLRW Cosmology

PRISMA 2020 flow diagram of included studies

Optimizing Rice Thresher Performance in Nigeria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analytic Synthesis of Response Surface

Raphael Segun Bello، Abdulgafar Usman، Igwe Dennis Chibueze، Ogbonnaya Boniface Onu، Mumuni Olanrewaju Saliu (المؤلف)

2334-2354

2026-07-14

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i7.3051

الملخص

Postharvest rice losses in Nigeria persist at 15–25%, partly attributable to the absence of standardised optimization frameworks for mechanised smallholder threshers. No study has directly compared Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Taguchi optimization in this context. This PRISMA 2020 systematic review and metaanalysis synthesises 35 studies (2010–2025) sourced from Scopus, Google Scholar, and AJOL, comprising RSM (n=12), Taguchi (n=8), hybrid (n=3), and factorial ANOVA (n=12) designs. Meta-analytic procedures included Cohen’s d effect size computation, variance ratio analysis, Egger’s regression, and trim-and-fill correction. Cylinder speed (optimal: 750–825 RPM; reported precision peak approximately 770 RPM) contributed 62.4% of threshing efficiency variance. Moisture content optima were 13–14% for grain quality and 16–18% for maximum throughput. Feed rate optimum was 3 kg·min−1, blower air velocity peaked cleaning efficiency at 99.32% (6.0 m·s⁻¹), and a 4.5 Hz vibrating sieve reduced scatter loss from 5.2% to 1.8%. Meta-analysis revealed no significant difference in threshing efficiency between RSM (94.2%) and Taguchi (93.1%) frameworks (p=0.21; Cohen’s d=+0.35), though RSM yielded 26–40% lower output variance (differences not statistically significant; p > 0.27). Publication bias inflated mean throughput by 8.3%; the bias-adjusted estimate is 187 kg·h⁻¹. A hybrid sequential strategy — Taguchi L screening followed by RSM-CCD refinement — is recommended for future optimization studies.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Response Surface Methodology Taguchi Technique Rice Thresher Design Post-harvest Losses Performance Benchmark Nigeria

Evaluation of Proposed Railroad Tracks Compared with an Optimized Route Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process and GIS Techniques

Ayman A. Abdulmawjoud، Aseel Ibrahim Matti (المؤلف)

2355-2366

2026-07-14

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i7.3121

الملخص

Selecting a railway route location is a complex task that requires significant time and effort. This study outlines the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with a Geographic Information System (GIS) to define the best path and compare it with the proposed tracks. The route starts from Mosul in northern Iraq and ends in Fishkhabour near the Iraqi-Syrian-Turkish border. The preferred path was identified based on a set of spatial criteria. With the aid of a group of decision-makers and experts in railway design and transportation planning, a questionnaire was created to highlight the relative relevance of the location criteria. This was carried out using pairwise comparisons after creating a hierarchical framework to assess the criteria of the criteria. The outcomes of the relative importance criterion showed that the highest relative importance was for water sources, which amounted to 29.7%, while the environmental impact criterion had the lowest value of 6.9%. An equivalent cost surface was formulated, and the route path was determined using various maps and a unique framework for data analysis on the adjusted surface. The prepared route path reduces the worthy cost surface by up to 63% compared with the other routes suggested by the General Company for Iraqi Railways. Earthworks, intersections with irrigation canals and valleys, and path length were also considered to determine the best route. The study showed that the path prepared using the analytical hierarchy process and GIS techniques was the preferred path.

الكلمات المفتاحية

AHP GIS optimum path railroad route location

Operational flowchart of the proposed / framework for harvested-energy IoNT communication over THz nanonetworks.

A Cross-Layer Energy-Neutral Communication Framework for Energy-Harvested Internet of Nano Things over Terahertz Nanonetworks

Murad Abdullah Abdo Ahmed Albahri (المؤلف)

2367-2378

2026-07-14

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i7.3257

الملخص

Energy-harvested Internet of Nano Things (IoHNT) systems can enable self-sustainable nanoscale sensing in biomedical monitoring, environmental surveillance, smart materials, and industrial nano-inspection. However, nanodevices have extremely limited energy buffers, and terahertz (THz) nanocommunication is strongly affected by distance-dependent spreading loss and molecular absorption. These coupled restrictions require medium access control decisions that jointly consider energy availability, traffic state, packet urgency, and THz link quality. This paper presents a revised and strengthened cross-layer energy-neutral communication framework for harvested-energy IoNT over THz nanonetworks. The baseline Priority-Aware Energy-Neutral TDMA () protocol ranks nanonodes using residual energy, queue backlog, packet age, and THz distance while allowing transmission only when the energy-neutrality constraint is satisfied. To address the dependence on manually selected priority weights, a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based extension, named , is introduced to optimize the scheduling weights under high-traffic and low-harvesting conditions. MATLAB simulations with 30 independent runs and 95% confidence intervals compare random access, conventional TDMA, CEH-TDMA-like scheduling, fixed , adaptive , and . The revised validation adds percentage improvement, Welch statistical significance testing, standardized effect-size interpretation, runtime-complexity comparison, and dense network scalability up to 400 nanonodes. Results show that improves throughput, PDR, delay, energy efficiency, and outage probability compared with fixed , including 14.25% delay reduction and 25.93% outage reduction. The optimized weights emphasize residual energy and THz distance, confirming that energy feasibility and channel quality are the main scheduling drivers in severely constrained IoHNT systems.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Internet of Nano Things IoHNT energy harvesting terahertz communicatio PSO-PAEN-TDMA energy-neutral scheduling

PRISMA flow diagram of the study selection process

Lightweight Hybrid Deep Learning Models for Real-Time Deepfake Video Detection: A Comprehensive Survey

Azhar Abdulmughni، Nagi AL-Shaibany (المؤلف)

2379-2389

2026-07-14

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i7.3069

الملخص

The rapid advancement of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) has led to the proliferation of deepfake media, posing significant threats to digital security, privacy, and information integrity. To overcome this challenge, substantial research efforts have been directed toward developing automated detection techniques using deep learning methodologies. This study presents a comprehensive survey of deep learning-based deepfake detection methods, emphasizing lightweight and hybrid architectures designed for real-time deployment. The survey systematically categorizes the landscape of deepfake generation techniques and evaluates state-of-the-art detection frameworks, including: classical CNNs, efficient backbone architectures (MobileNet, EfficientNet), and spatiotemporal models (CNN LSTM/GRU). Furthermore, this study examines model compression techniques— including pruning and quantization — essential for resource-constrained deployment, and provides a structured analysis of benchmark datasets, major detection architecture categories, and persistent research gaps. By critically examining the trade-off between detection accuracy and computational latency, this paper identifies key open challenges and concludes by highlighting a research gap for probabilistically robust, lightweight frameworks, offering a roadmap for future research toward reliable, real-time deepfake forensics in unconstrained environments.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Deepfake detection Deep Learning Lightweight models Transfer Learning Hybrid architectures Real-time detection.

Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

Determinants and Clinical Manifestations of Helicobacter pylori Infection among Gastrointestinal Patients in Dhamar, Yemen: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Sara Mohammed Mayas، Salwa H. Alkhyat، Maged Ahmed Al-Garadi، Aref Noman (المؤلف)

2390-2398

2026-07-14

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i7.2963

الملخص

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection remains a major global public health challenge, particularly in low-resource settings where disease burden remains high. Despite its clinical importance, data regarding associated risk factors and symptom patterns remain limited in several populations, including Yemen.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori infection and evaluate associated factors and clinical symptoms among gastrointestinal patients attending a tertiary healthcare center in Dhamar.
Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a quota-based sampling approach. H. pylori infection was diagnosed using a stool antigen test. Data were analyzed using univariate statistical analyses followed by multivariable binary logistic regression to identify independent predictors while controlling for potential confounding variables..
Results: The study demonstrated a high prevalence of H. pylori infection among the investigated population. Although univariate analysis initially identified several significant sociodemographic associations, multivariable logistic regression revealed that age >30 years was the only statistically significant independent predictor associated with infection (AOR = 0.086; 95% CI: 0.017–0.437; P = 0.003). Clinical manifestations, including upper abdominal pain (98.0%), nausea (97.6%), and vomiting (96.9%), showed significant associations with H. pylori positivity (P < 0.001). In contrast, lifestyle and dietary variables, including hot pepper consumption, did not retain significance following multivariable adjustment
Conclusions: H. pylori infection was highly prevalent and independently associated with older age and gas- trointestinal symptoms. These findings provide preliminary epidemiological evidence and support the need for future longitudinal studies using representative sampling and confirmatory diagnostic methods.

الكلمات المفتاحية

prevalence associated factors gastrointestinal symptoms epidemiology stool antigen test Yemen cross-sectional study.

Comparison of Logistic Regression and Discriminant Analysis for Predicting Anemia Among Pregnant Women in Sana’a, Yemen

Amtalteef M.A. Al-Hamzi، Amani M.A. Al-Hamzi (المؤلف)

2399-2410

2026-07-14

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$Antimicrobial activity of Commiphora myrrha resin fractions. (a) Fractions E1 and E5 against Bacillus subtilis; (b) fractions E1 and E5 against Staphylococcus aureus; (c) and (d) positive control (Amoxicillin) and negative control (DMSO) corresponding to each bacterial strain.$

Comparative Chemical and Bioactivity Profiling of Polar and Resinous Fractions of Yemeni Commiphora myrrha.

Ebrahim A. Al-Mamary، Sadeq Azzam، Qais Y.M. Abdullah، Khaled M. Naji، Basem Al-Akhali، Monther A. Al-Hakemi (المؤلف)

2411-2424

2026-07-14

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i7.3146

الملخص

The oleo-gum resin of Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. has been a cornerstone of traditional Yemeni medicine for centuries. This study provides a comparative chemical and bioactivity evaluation of two distinct fractions: a polar fraction (E1) obtained via aqueous maceration and a lipophilic fraction (E5) obtained via methanolic Soxhlet extraction. The crude resin exhibited moisture content (10.28 ± 0.14%), ash content (7.44 ± 0.11%), pH (4.31 ± 0.16), viscosity (0.932 mPa·s), and protein content (17.06 ± 0.61%). Antimicrobial assays demonstrated that E5 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans, whereas E1 remained inactive. Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that E5 is rich in bioactive oxygenated sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones, whereas E1 is dominated by fatty acid esters with min- imal bioactivity. The superior antioxidant capacity of E5 (IC50 ≈ 170g/mL) exceeded E1 (IC50 ≈ 1480μg/mL) strongly correlated with higher phytochemical yields: total phenolics (46.04 vs. 6.35 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry extract (mg GAE/g)), flavonoids (6.55 vs. 0.69 mg quercetin equivalents per gram (mg QE/g)), and tannins (19.49 vs. 4.48 mg tannic acid equivalents per gram (mg TAE/g)). These results confirm that the primary bioactivity of C. myrrha is sequestered within the resinous terpenoid fraction. This study establishes critical quality control parameters for Yemeni C. myrrha and supports a dual-use strategy: E5 for pharmaceutical development and E1 for industrial applications as a natural hydrocolloid.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Commiphora myrrha Yemeni myrrh Polar gum fraction Resinous bioactive fraction GC- MS Antimicrobial activity

$(a) Channel capacity versus the propagation distance for the different strength coefficients of the refractive index fluctuationsS values. (b) Channel capacity versus the propagation distance for different small length-scale factor values l0.$

Propagation Characteristics of Partially Coherent Pin-Like Vortex Beams in Turbulent Biological tissues

Wafa’a A.Al-Bahry، Hassan T. Al-Ahsab، Mohammed S. Qusailah، Abdu A. Alkelly (المؤلف)

2425-2436

2026-07-14

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i7.3263

الملخص

This study examined the propagation characteristics of partially coherent pin-like optical (PCPO) vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) within turbulent biological tissues. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of these nanoparticles for deep-tissue optical communication and imaging. By incorporating the biological tissue turbulence spectrum into the analytical framework, we extended the established analytical expressions that describe the evolution of the OAM mode spectrum, spiral spectrum, and channel capacity of PCPO beams in inhomogeneous biological media, which were modeled using fractal-based turbulence power spectra. Numerical simulations were conducted for several representative tissues, including the upper dermis, deep dermis, liver parenchyma, and intestinal epithelium, to assess the impact of tissue heterogeneity parameters, spatial coherence length, and topological charge on beam stability. The findings indicate that the probability of OAM detection diminishes with propagation distance and increasing topological charge, whereas a greater spatial coherence length and larger characteristic heterogeneity length enhance the channel capacity. Biological tissues with higher fractal dimensions and lower correlation lengths exhibit more pronounced turbulence-induced degradation. When the coherence length exceeds approximately 10 μm, the detection probability becomes nearly invariant with distance, suggesting a regime of enhanced robustness. These results provide quantitative insights into the feasibility and limitations of employing partially coherent OAM beams for optical information transfer in biological tissues and offer theoretical guidance for designing OAM-based biomedical photonic systems.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Pin-like optical Vortex beams Orbital angular momentum Biological tissues.

Locality map showing the collection sites of the studied Caralluma complex specimens generated using QGIS (v.3.40). software

Integrating Quantitative Stem Anatomy and Multivariate Analyses to Resolve Taxonomic Boundaries within the Caralluma Complex (Apocynaceae)

Hanan A. Saleem، Hassan M. Ibrahim، Arif S. Alhammadi (المؤلف)

2437-2454

2026-07-14

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i7.3158

الملخص

Taxonomic delimitation of the genus Caralluma R.Br. from its segregated genera remains highly problematic due to severe morphological convergence and phenotypic plasticity in their vegetative characters. This study provides a quantitative anatomical characterization of four taxa within the Caralluma segregate complex: Apteranthes tuberculata, Caralluma subulata, Desmidorchis penicillata, and Monolluma quadrangula, to evaluate the systematic utility of the internal stem architecture. The findings revealed that these taxa possess succulent stems partitioned into distinct ribs and sulci, with a single epidermal layer, a specialized cortex, and a central pith. Furthermore, the vascular architecture exhibits a eustelic arrangement, with the internal phloem situated interior to the protoxylem. Quantitative analysis capitalized on these variations and revealed a clear evolutionary trade-off in water-storage strategies: larger, shrubby taxa maximized storage by increasing tissue-layer density, whereas smaller, low-growth taxa relied on cell hypertrophy. Statistical analysis demonstrated that rib cortical layers, pith parenchyma cell areas, and internal phloem distribution were highly significant taxonomic markers. Both cluster analysis (TWCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) successfully resolved the taxa into distinct groups, distinguishing C. subulata as a basal lineage, A. tuberculata as a transitional group, and D. penicillata and M. quadrangula as closely related members of the derived southern clade. Ultimately, these internal structural variations provide a strong anatomical fingerprint for identifying and differentiating these segregated generic lineages.

الكلمات المفتاحية

Stem anatomy Apteranthes tuberculata Caralluma subulata Desmidorchis penicillata Monolluma quadrangula Taxonomy

Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

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