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Volume 5 – Issue 9 – 2026 – Sana'a University Journal of Humanities

Vol. 5 No. 9 (2026)

2026-09-28

24 Articles

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Articles

24 Articles

Ethical Leadership and its Relationship to Organizational Loyalty in Yemeni Public Universities from the Perspective of Academic and Administrative LeadersEthical Leadership and its Relationship to Organizational Loyalty in Yemeni Public Universities from the Perspective of Academic and Administrative Leaders

Faiza Ahmed Hsgary Ahmed, Abduljabbar Al-Tayeb Ameen, Abdulaziz Abdulhadi Al-Ameri

1 - 40

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2782

Abstract

The study aimed to identify the nature of the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational loyalty in Yemeni public universities. The study adopted the descriptive approach in its two forms (survey and correlational). A questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting primary data from a sample consisting of (370) academic and administrative leaders working in five Yemeni public universities. The findings revealed several key results. Most notably, the overall level of practicing ethical leadership in Yemeni public universities was moderate, with a mean of (3.35). In contrast, the overall level of organizational loyalty was high, with a mean of (3.86). The results also indicated a positive, statistically significant correlation between ethical leadership and organizational loyalty in Yemeni public universities, with correlation coefficients of (0.739). Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found in the level of practicing ethical leadership attributable to the variables of university and years of experience, while no significant differences were found with respect to gender, job title, and academic qualification. Regarding organizational loyalty, statistically significant differences were observed attributable to the variables of university and academic qualification, whereas no significant differences were found with respect to gender, job title, and years of experience. In light of these findings, the study recommended enhancing the level of ethical leadership practices in Yemeni public universities due to their importance in increasing the level of organizational loyalty.

Keywords

Ethical Leadership Organizational Loyalty Yemeni Public Universities

The Impact of Implementing (ISO22000:2018): Food Safety Management System on Product Safety Quality: A filed Study in Yemeni Dairy Production Organizations

Yasmeen Mohammed Adul Wahid Abdul Damaj Manea, Abdullah Al-Qureshi

41 - 64

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2783

Psychological Immunity and Its Relationship to Self-Efficacy among the Personnel of the Ministry of Interior(A Field Study in the Capital Secretariat, Sana’a)

Bashir Ali Hussein Al-Harazi, Taha Naji Mohmmed ALawebal, Taher Qaed Al-Hazmi

65 - 106

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2833

Means of Earning Profit in Islamic Jurisprudence and Yemeni LawA Comparative Jurisprudential Study

Mansour Ahmad Nasser Yahiya Fateh

107 - 133

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2804

Contributions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates in Yemen to supporting reconstruction requirements

Abdulsamad Al-Mutawakel, Mahfoudh Ali Mohammed Al-Muafa

134 - 159

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2872

A Proposed Vision for Developing the Curriculum of the Bachelor of Accounting Program in Accordance with International Education Standard 2 (IES 2)“A Case Study of Tripoli College of Science and Technology, Libya”

Mohammed Qays Adel Al-Qanb, Retaj Abdullah Mohammed Salem, Mayar Salah Mohammed Salem, Maram Monji Al-Mukhtar Abdulrahman

160 - 200

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2897

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a proposed vision for the curriculum of the Bachelor of Accounting Program at Tripoli College of Science and Technology in accordance with the requirements of International Education Standard 2 (IES 2). To achieve this objective, the study first assessed the degree of alignment between the program’s courses and course contents and the requirements of the standard. The study employed the descriptive approach to examine the current curriculum and the normative approach to develop the proposed vision. Data were collected through documentary analysis of the program’s curriculum, including its courses and course specifications. The data were analyzed using an Unweighted Dichotomous Variable approach. The findings revealed that the Accounting Program at Tripoli College of Science and Technology achieved an overall alignment of 62.36% with the requirements of International Education Standard 2 (IES 2), indicating a 37.64% gap between the competencies required by the standard and those currently covered by the program. Accordingly, the study recommends revising the curriculum of the Bachelor of Accounting Program by updating the existing courses and introducing new courses that are aligned with the requirements of International Education Standard 2 (IES 2).

Keywords

Accounting Education International Education Standard (IES) 2 Technical Education International Accounting Education Standards

The Impact of Organizational Structure on Decision-Making: An Applied Study at the Yemen Petroleum Company

Ayman Abdulmalek Qasem Galaem, Ali Hassan Abdullah Al-Awadhi, Ahmed Mohammed Abdullah Nasser

201 - 223

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2795

Abstract

This study aimed to measure the impact of organizational structure, with its dimensions (structures, policies and procedures, and technology), on decision-making at the Yemen Petroleum Company. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach and used a questionnaire as the data collection tool. The study population consisted of all employees in the company's general management at all administrative levels (CEO, Deputy CEO, General Manager, Deputy General Manager, Department Manager, Deputy Department Manager, Section Head, and Specialist), totaling 695 employees. A stratified random sample of 247 employees was selected, and 236 valid questionnaires were returned for analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS and SmartPLS. The results showed a statistically significant impact of organizational structure on decision-making at a significance level of ( 0.05). The study also revealed that the three dimensions of organizational structure influence decision-making to varying degrees. The study recommends updating and simplifying policies and procedures, developing the technological infrastructure that supports decision-making, and enhancing the clarity of authorities and responsibilities to improve the efficiency, speed, and quality of decisions.

Keywords

Organizational Structure Structures Policies and Procedures Technology Decision Making Yemen Petroleum Company

The Role of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Research: Future Prospects and Ethical Challenges in Light of International Publishing Standards(2020-2024) – (Scopus Journals as "a Model")

Mohammed Ahmad Yahya Moharram

224- 243

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2869

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the ethical challenges and future prospects of using generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in scientific research, focusing on a sample of publications in Scopus Q1 journals from 2020 to 2024. The research employed a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing quantitative analysis tools (SPSS) and qualitative analysis tools (NVivo). The literature and previous studies addressing generative AI applications and international publishing standards were reviewed. The findings revealed a rapid increase in reliance on AI, with usage reaching 65% in 2024. However, there was a significant shortfall in disclosure standards, as over 60% of studies failed to document the use of these tools. The results indicated that effective integration of AI requires the development of advanced educational frameworks that enhance critical thinking skills rather than replace them, alongside addressing algorithmic biases that impact academic integrity. The study also highlighted the importance of knowledge transfer offices in bridging the gap between academia and industry to achieve sustainable development. A positive correlation was established between technology use and the rise of issues related to academic integrity and intellectual property. The study recommends the formulation of unified international regulatory frameworks that mandate researchers to ensure technological transparency to uphold the credibility of scientific publishing in the age of AI.

Keywords

Artificial intelligence Generative artificial intelligence Scientific research Academic publishing ethics Scopus

The impact of social media use on the socialization process of children within Yemeni families

Gamila Mohammed Al-Kamali

244 - 275

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2934

Abstract

The study aimed to identify the impact of social media use on the socialization process of children within Yemeni families by identifying patterns of social media use among children within Yemeni families and determining the impact of such use on social values and norms. and revealing the positive and negative effects of these sites on socialization and bringing about a change in methods of social control within Yemeni families. The researcher used a descriptive analytical approach due to its suitability for the subject of the study. and a questionnaire prepared by the researcher. A simple random sample of 125 families was selected, and the study produced a set of conclusions, the most important of which are::

- 1-The study showed that children's use of social media is high and daily, with long hours spent on digital platforms.

2- The results of the study showed that social media has become a major factor influencing the socialization process within Yemeni families, reshaping family values, relationships, and methods of social control. Despite the risks it poses in terms of the erosion of values and weakening of family interaction, it provides opportunities for the development of awareness, skills, and self-learning. Therefore, their impact is not determined by their existence, but rather by how they are used and the level of family guidance, which calls for the adoption of conscious digital parenting that strikes a balance between technological openness and the preservation of identity and social values.

Keywords

social media socialization family socialization

The Impact of Digital Transformation on Internal Control Systemsin Yemeni Banks Operating in the Capital SecretariatA Field Study

Ahmad Abdo Mohammed Al-Thulathy

276 - 312

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2911

Abstract

aimed to analyze the impact of digital transformation on internal control systems in Yemeni banks operating in the Capital Secretariat of Sana’a, in response to the scarcity of applied studies that have examined this relationship in an integrated manner within the Yemeni banking environment. The study focused on four dimensions of internal control systems: improving the control environment, enhancing the quality of the control system, rationalizing costs, and rationalizing decision-making. The study population consisted of (18) banks operating in the Capital Secretariat, from which a representative sample of (16) banks was selected. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and used an electronic questionnaire to collect data from a stratified random sample of (130) respondents working in financial control departments, internal audit, information systems, compliance and risk management, in addition to specialists at the Central Bank of Yemen. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results revealed a statistically significant positive impact of digital transformation on improving the quality and environment of internal control systems, rationalizing their costs, and supporting control-related decision-making, with variations in the magnitude of impact across the dimensions. The study recommended adopting a clear institutional strategy for digital transformation, strengthening investment in technological infrastructure, and developing a regulatory framework that supports the implementation of digital systems and continuous electronic control in the Yemeni banking sector.

Keywords

digital transformation internal control systems Yemeni Banks

A Proposed Framework for Developing Science Textbooks Content in the Second Cycle (4-6) of Basic Education in the Republic of Yemen in Light of Sustainable Development Dimensions

Abdullah Mohammed Hashem Al-Haifi

313 - 354

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2825

Abstract

The current study aimed to formulate a proposed framework for developing the content of science textbooks in the second cycle (4-6) of basic education parts one and two in the Republic of Yemen, totaling (6) textbooks for the academic year 2025-2026 AD, in accordance with the dimensions of sustainable development. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical method for content analysis and a constructive method for framework development. The study sample consisted of science textbooks in the second cycle (4-6). To achieve the study objectives, a checklist of sustainable development dimensions was prepared, comprising 56 indicators across 11 subfields distributed among the environmental, social, and economic dimensions. After verifying its validity and reliability, the checklist was transformed into an analysis instrument applied to the textbooks.

The findings indicated that the analyzed textbooks incorporated all three dimensions of sustainable development, though with varying levels of emphasis. The social dimension ranked first (59.24%) with a moderate level of inclusion, followed by the environmental dimension (26.75%) with a low level of inclusion, and finally the economic dimension (14.01%) with a low level of inclusion. At the subfield level, the domain of education within the social dimension received the highest focus (30.57%) with a moderate level of inclusion, whereas the domain of environmental pollution and its control within the environmental dimension received the lowest focus (3.18%).

In light of these results, the researcher developed a proposed framework to development the content of science textbooks in the second cycle of basic education in Yemen, ensuring a balanced integration of sustainable development dimensions. The study concludes with a set of recommendations and practical suggestions.

Keywords

A Proposed framework Development The Second Cycle of Basic Education Science Textbooks Sustainable Development

The disputed opinions of Imams Al-Mawza'i and Al-Najri regarding the rulings on the waiting period(Iddah) and breastfeeding, and their jurisprudential impact on their commentaries (Taysir al-Bayan and Shafi al-'Alil) (A comparative study)

Nadmi Mohammed Abdullah Al-Hashmi

355 - 377

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2732

Abstract

This research aims to investigate the views of Imams al-Mawza'i and al-Najri, their commentaries (Taysir al-Bayan and Shafi' al-'Alil), and their opinions on the waiting period ('iddah) and breastfeeding. The research uses a comparative methodology, comparing the opinions of Imams al-Mawza'i and al-Najri with those of other jurists. The research is divided into two sections and a conclusion.

Section One: introduces Imams al-Mawza'i and al-Najri, their schools of thought, their commentaries, and their methodologies.

Section Two tackles The differing opinions of al-Mawza'i and al-Najri regarding the waiting period and breastfeeding. The research objectives have been achieved.

The researcher concludes with the following key findings and recommendations:

1- The preferred opinion regarding the waiting period for a pregnant widow is that of Imam al-Mawza'i, who states that the waiting period for a pregnant widow ends with childbirth. Consequently, a legal ruling from this is that a slave woman's waiting period is half that of a free woman.

2- The preferred opinion regarding breastfeeding is that of Imam al-Najri, due to the strength of his evidence. He stated that both a little and a lot of breastfeeding establishes the prohibition of marriage, which is the view of the majority of jurists. One of its legal implications is that if a nursing mother's milk is mixed with other liquids, it does not create the prohibition, which is al-Najri's opinion.

The researcher recommends to carry out further attention to studying Yemeni legal commentaries and highlighting their impact on comparative jurisprudence.

Keywords

Al-Mawza'i al-Najri waiting period breastfeeding interpretation of legal verses Albayan Shafi Alalil

The role of transformational leadership in improving the quality of health servicesA Field study in private hospitals in Sana’a governorate

Abbas Mohammed Alarafy, Abdulrahman Ahmed Manea

378 - 420

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2744

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the role of transformational leadership, with its dimensions (ideal influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual considerations), in improving the quality of healthcare services, with its dimensions (tangible, reliable, assured, responsive, and empathetic), in private hospitals in Sana'a Governorate. This was based on the premise that healthcare quality is one of the most important indicators of the efficiency of healthcare systems and the effectiveness of their institutions in meeting patient needs and achieving patient satisfaction. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, with a sample of 232 senior, middle, and executive administrative leaders. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and statistically analyzed using SPSS software, employing frequencies, percentages, and arithmetic means.

The results showed that the level of healthcare service quality was high, with an overall average of 6.06, reflecting the awareness of healthcare administrations regarding the importance of adopting quality standards. The study also revealed that transformational leadership is practiced to a high degree, with an average of 5.83. The ideal influence dimension ranked highest among the leadership dimensions, while individual considerations ranked lowest, indicating a need to enhance human communication with employees. The analysis also confirmed a statistically significant relationship between transformational leadership and the quality of healthcare services.

The study recommends: strengthening training and management development programs for staff in private hospitals; adopting clear institutional policies to improve responsiveness to patient needs; enhancing both material and moral incentive systems; and encouraging applied scientific research in healthcare leadership to ensure the sustainability of excellence and quality in the private healthcare sector in Sana'a Governorate.

Keywords

Transformational Leadership Private Hospitals Healthcare Services Sana'a Governorate Quality

The effectiveness of a program based on the academic cognitive in developing reading comprehension skills among secondary school students in the Capital Secretariat of Sana a

Akram Mohammed Mohammed Al-Ozair, Abdullah Ali Ali Al-Al-Kuri

421 - 452

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2696

Abstract

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of a program based on the academic cognitive approach in developing reading comprehension skills among secondary school students in Sana'a, the capital city. The researchers employed a descriptive and quasi-experimental methodology, deemed suitable for the nature of this study. To achieve the research objective, a list of essential reading comprehension skills for first-year secondary school students was compiled, a program based on the academic cognitive approach was developed, and a reading comprehension skills test was created. The research sample consisted of 100 first-year secondary school students from Sana'a, divided into two groups: an experimental group of 50 students and a control group of 50 students.

The research yielded several findings, most notably the effectiveness of the program based on the academic cognitive approach in developing reading comprehension skills. The differences between the pre-test and post-test scores for the experimental group favored the post-test. The overall effect size was substantial, with a value of 0.701. The research recommends the necessity of developing teaching methods and introducing modern strategies and approaches in teaching Arabic and its various branches. It contributes to the development of various skills in the student, especially the academic cognitive approach to language learning, which has proven effective in developing skills, particularly reading comprehension skills, and in utilizing the tools provided by the current research to improve the learning process.

Keywords

Program The academic cognitive approach Reading comprehension skills

Forwarding and Postponing in the Third Quarter of the Holy Quran

Alwi Mohamed Salim Al-Hamed

453 - 477

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2886

Abstract

"This research aims to study the stylistic, semantic, and syntactic aspects of precedence and postponement (Al-Taqdim wa Al-Takhir) within the Quranic chapters of Maryam, Ta-Ha, and Al-Anbiya, analyzing the connotations of this rhetorical device and bridging the gap between the grammatical and semantic dimensions."

The researcher followed the inductive-analytical method in tracking the verses containing advancements and delays (Ta’deem wa Ta’kheer) in the scope of the study (Surahs Maryam, Taha, and Al-Anbiya). The research consisted of an introduction, a preface, and four chapters:

Chapter One: Examined forms of advancement/delay related to magnification, honor, and care (Ta’zeem, Tashreef, Ihtimam) in Surahs Maryam, Taha, and Al-Anbiya, and their significance.

Chapter Two: Addressed forms related to the Quranic pause (Fasilah) and restriction (Hasr) in the same Surahs and their significance.

Chapter Three: Focused on forms related to context and order (Siyaq and Tarteeb) in the same Surahs and their significance.

Chapter Four: Discussed forms aimed at disparagement, rebuke, amazement, intimidation, acceleration of joy, or pessimism, along with their significance in Surahs Maryam, Taha, and Al-Anbiya.

The researcher reached several findings, including: The number of verses containing linguistic indications of precedence and post-positioning related to glorification, honor, and attention in the third quarter of the Holy Quran reached 31 verses. The number of verses related to the Quranic pause, restriction, and specification: (الفاصلة القرآنية, والحصر, والاختصاص) reached 31 verses. Additionally, the number of verses related to contempt, rebuke, astonishment, intimidation, hastening joy, or pessimism reached 12 verses.

Keywords

Submission Delay Implications In the third quarter of the Holy Quran

Psychosocial Support for Children Affected by Armed Conflicts in Yemen (Concepts and Foundations)

Tawfiq Yahya Mahammad Nasr

478 - 497

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2467

Conditions for Learning Arabic Among Mawali and Arabs in the Early Days of Arab-Islamic Civilization

Khaled Abdulhaleem Alabsi

498 - 532

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2848

Empowerment and Its Relationship to Achieving Job Engagement Among Employees: An Applied Study on Employees of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at Sana'a University

Mamoon Ali Aklan

533 - 572

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2768

Factors Influencing Research Productivity among Faculty Membersat Sana'a University

Saba Nasser Ali ALKomaim

573 - 602

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.3047

Level of administrative performance in the Ministry of Youth and Sports in the Republic of Yemen

Ghaida Ismael MoTahar Salah, Hussein Saleh Mosleh Juaim, Najeb Saleh Mosleh Juaim

603 - 633

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2947

Abstract

The research aimed to identify the current level of administrative performance in the Ministry of Youth and Sports, and to identify differences according to the study variables (gender and educational level). The researchers used the descriptive method on a sample of (100) individuals, including administrators, coaches, and players, who were selected from the research population using simple random sampling. A questionnaire was used as the data collection tool. The results indicated that the level of administrative performance in the Ministry of Youth and Sports was low across all study axes, with the lowest axis being "Planning." The results showed no statistically significant differences between the average ratings of the study sample across all study axes attributable to the variable (gender). However, there were statistically significant differences between the average ratings of the study sample in the third axis, "Guidance," attributable to the variable (educational qualification), between those with a high school diploma and a bachelor's degree, and those with a master's degree, in favor of the master's degree holders. No statistically significant differences were found in the remaining study axes. The researchers recommended the necessity of using the research findings and generalizing them to the Ministry's administrators, players, and coaches, in order to benefit from the current state of administrative performance, such as planning. Organization, guidance, evaluation, and its embodiment in the practical reality of the ministry.

Keywords

Performance Administrator Yemeni Ministry of Youth and Sports

Course Content Evaluation and Assessment Methods of the English Language Proficiency Program at Al-Ahgaff University in Light of Quality Assurance Standards

Mohammed Salim Karamah Al-Bouri, Fazee Khalid Alezi Mohammed, Abdullah Rajab Alfalagg

634 - 654

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2703

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in evaluating academic programs based on the availability of Quality Assurance (QA) standards, as these standards entail periodical reviews of a curriculum and ensure that instructional practices are aligned with learners' needs and labor market requirements. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the course content and assessment methods of the English Language Proficiency Program (ELPP) at Al-Ahgaff University in light of QA standards. It specifically investigated the extent to which QA indicators were available in the course content and assessment methods of the ELPP. The study employed a descriptive qualitative research design, collecting qualitative data through a validated evaluation sheet comprising 42 quality assurance indicators. Document analysis was also conducted to critically examine the availability of QA indicators in the course materials and two examination transcripts given to the first year students in the ELPP. The findings revealed that the course content achieved a high availability rate (74%), with 26% of the indicators being absent; which demonstrates a substantial alignment with the program's objectives, relevance, critical thinking, and self-learning. As for the assessment methods, the results showed an 83% availability rate of the QA indicators, whereas 17% of the indicators were unavailable. The study concludes that, although the ELPP's course content and assessment methods considerably comply with QA indicators, some targeted curricular and assessment enhancements are still necessary to augment the program's quality and efficacy.

Keywords

Quality Assurance English Language Proficiency Program Course Evaluation Course Content Assessment Methods Al-Ahgaff University

Outcry Vs. Silence: A Deconstructive Reading Of Resistance In Ghassan Kanafani's Men In The Sun

Maryam Ali Abdulqader Kifayatallah

655 - 664

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2890

Abstract

This research paper offers a deconstructive reading of resistance in Ghassan Kanafani's Men In The Sun, focusing particularly on the tension between "outcry" and "silence". The narrative highlights the Palestinian land, the Palestinian space, and time around which the resistance theme evolves. It depicts Palestinian's resistance and the attempt to escape from refugee camps to Kuwait and this endeavor ends up in tragic failure. The novella features several outcries, but these attempts are shut in silence. This clash complicates the ultimate meaning of resistance in the novella. To trace such dichotomy, the paper applies Jacques Derrida's theory of deconstruction, making use of the concepts of: binary opposition, différance, and signification to figure out the unspoken. The finding suggests that the characters' apparent silence, particularly their death within the water tank, could be viewed not as a failure, but as a profound and enduring form of outcry in the discourse of resistance. The paper concludes that the binary opposites between outcry and silence compete with each other in an endless effort which consequently promotes an understanding that leads to an infinite hand in hand progression. Thus, from a deconstructive point of view, resistance is rendered elusive, as it is constantly displaced and deferred by the array of meanings, making it an unreachable horizon.

Keywords

Ghassan Kanafani Men in the Sun resistance literature outcry silence deconstruction

The Myth of Democracy in Yemen: An Analytical Study of Abdullah Al-Baradouni’s Poem “The Soothsayer of the Two Caves”

Ali Mohsen M. Saleh Jaber, Abdelmumin al-Montaser

665 - 676

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2506

Abstract

This research seeks to explore the political and aesthetic dimensions of Abdullah al-Baradouni’s poem “The Soothsayer of the Two Caves,” which is taken from his last poetic collection The Return of the Wise Ali Bin Zayed. Written in the aftermath of the first parliamentary election to take place in Yemen after the national unification, the poem serves as a typical model of modern Yemeni literature. It merges profound poetic sensibility with acute political awareness to critique contemporary political and social realities. Adopting a critical and contextual analytical approach, the study aims to deconstruct the poem’s symbolic, metaphorical linguistic structures to uncover how al-Baradouni employs poetic symbolism as an artistic instrument to expose the illusion of democracy in Yemen. Additionally, the paper examines the poem’s discursive framework as a form of resistance discourse that unveils the concealed machinations of authoritarian power that, under the guise of democratic slogans, perpetuates oppression and marginalizes rights. Ultimately, the research highlights the poem’s symbolic and semantic structure as both an aesthetic and intellectual medium through which the poet articulates a profound critical vision, revealing the paradoxes between the proclaimed democratic ideal and the actual political practice. The study concludes that al-Baradouni establishes a literary discourse that artistically exposes Yemen’s pseudo-democracy.

Keywords

Election Symbolism Political illusion Paradoxes authoritarian Power pseudo-democracy

Quality Assessment of Rental Contracts Translations Generated by Google Gemini between Arabic and English

Latifa Faisal Saeed Al-Sharabi, Mujib Ali Murshid Qasim

677 - 694

2026-09-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jhs.v5i9.2881

Abstract

The study aims to evaluate the quality, capabilities, and limitations of Google Gemini in translating rental contracts. To achieve the objectives of the study, a mixed-methods approach with a convergent parallel design was used, utilizing a descriptive analytical framework. A sample of 30 postgraduate translation students as well as 4 professional translation experts from various universities in Sana'a City were selected to ensure a more valid and reliable evaluation. The data collection instruments included two meticulously designed translation tests between Arabic and English, a closed-ended questionnaire, and semi-structured interviews. The questionnaire was administered to postgraduates to solicit their opinions on the accuracy, fluency, clarity, and conformity of Gemini-generated translations of rental contracts, while the translation test was administered to student participants to evaluate linguistic, contextual, and stylistic difficulties using a five-level assessment rubric. The study revealed that Gemini-generated translations of legal texts could be a useful first draft that needs to undergo a human post-editing process. The study emphasizes the importance of improving AI-assisted translation technologies to better translate legal documents between Arabic and English.

Keywords

عقود الإيجار جوجل جيميناي طلاب الدراسات العليا في الترجمة تقييم جودة الترجمة

Volume 5 – Issue 9 – 2026 – Sana'a University Journal of Humanities

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