Sana'a University Journal of Human Sciences

The research aimed to find out the effectiveness of a program based on active learning in developing literary taste skills among the first year of secondary students in the Capital Sana’a"، based on the semi-experimental approach، The research sample consisted of (111) male and female، divided into two groups: an experimental group that studied literary texts using the program based on active learning، and a control group that studied the then same literary texts using the usual method، To achieve the objective of the research، the researcher prepared a list of literary taste skills، a test to measure literary taste skills، and an educational program based on active learning. The results showed of the research revealed in the following:

• There are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the post application of the test of literary taste، in favor of the experimental group.
• There are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of male and female students of the experimental group in the test of literary taste، in favor of females.

Objective: This study is to assess the Impact of The aggressive war against Yemen at the financing Performance a Case Study of SABA International Islamic Bank during the period between 2010 to 2019 and to define the financial Islamic banks its development and environmental work.

Methodology: A descriptive financial analytical ratios method used, was chosen, consisted To achieve study objectives.

Results: there is an impact of aggressive war against Yemen on all financing products causing drop and limitation of the activity of the bank environment and development factors.

And found a big drop in deposit local currency ratio from 10,50 in year 2010 to 3.01 in 2016 And a drop in Investing of local currency ratio from 6% in 2010 to 1.81% in 2016

Also found a big drop in foreign deposit account from 6% in year 2010 to 2%05, in 2016 and foreign investing accounts dropped from 3.50% in 2010 to 1.21% in 2016

By the other hand a big drop in total financial accounts from 134.955 billion riyal in year 2014 to 77,103 billion in 2017 all this drops in ratios reduce the banks developing circle

Conclusions: This war destroyed the infrastructure of Yemen and stopped the business and if its continue will cause the most disaster in the world Should avail the liquidity by Central Bank to give the investors more confident to run again the economical circulation.

Key Words: Impact, war, financing, Islamic Banks.

This research aimed at determining the level of availability of the knowledge economy requirements in Physics Teacher Educational Preparation Program at the Faculty of education، Hodeidah University. To achieve the aim of this study، the analytical descriptive method was followed. The sample of this research was the curriculum document of Physics Teacher Educational Preparation Program at the Faculty of Education، Hodeidah University.

To answer the research questions، an analysis form of Physics Teacher Educational Preparation Program at the Faculty of Education، Hodeidah University was formulated according to the Knowledge Economy requirements. In its final form، the list included (254) indicators، (32) standards and (16) requirements which were distributed to six main domains: knowledge and comprehension، communication and information technology skills، mental skills، vocational skills، general and life skills and lastly scientific research and social participation.

The results of the research were as follows:

• The Physics Teacher Educational Preparation Program at the Faculty of Education، Hodeidah، included the requirements of the Knowledge Economy at a moderate degree. The total number of indicators of Knowledge Economy Requirements included in the program was (150) indicators out of (254) included in the analysis form with a percentage of (59.1%).
• The level of inclusion of knowledge economy requirements in the physics program at the level of the analysis form domains was between (94.4%) for the mental skills domain، and (50%) for the domain of communication and information technology skills.
• The level of program's inclusion of (5) requirements out of (16) for the Knowledge Economy was high; moderate for (3) and low for (7). However، the program included only (1) requirement with a very low level of implication.
• The level of inclusion of the Physics Teacher Educational Preparation Program of (11) standards out of (32) standards for the knowledge economy was at a high level; a moderate level for (8) standards; a low level for (10) standards and very low for (3) standards.

This study aims to address the Portuguese attempts to control the Yemeni islands، and to identify the history of the conflict over the Red Sea region، and trace the stages of this conflict and identify its factors and causes.The study also aimed at an analytical reading of the conditions that took place in the Red Sea region، especially the Yemeni coasts، specifically the islands of Socotra and Kamaran. The research was divided into a preamble، an introduction، and three sections. The first section dealt with the Portuguese geographical discoveries and their causes، while the second section dealt with the Ottoman-Portuguese conflict in the Red Sea region. The third topic only dealt with the impact of the Ottoman-Portuguese conflict on the islands of Socotra and Kamaran. The study relied on the analytical approach. The study reached a set of results and recommendations، the most important of which are: the contribution of the Red Sea to communication between the peoples of the region. The islands of Socotra and Kamaran، which overlook the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea، were of interest to all world powers in order to control them، unite the ranks of all Yemeni forces in the future، to stand up to the challenges that the Yemeni people are facing at the present time، by benefiting from the Yemeni experience in repelling the Portuguese aggression against The Yemeni land، especially the islands of Socotra and Kamaran، in the sixteenth century AD.

The error of illegality is a mistake that the management commits، and it results in its administrative responsibility.  The administrative judiciary has settled that the error of illegality always leads to the invalidity of administrative decisions and the cancellation of them، and does not lead to the accountability of the management and the judgment on compensation، unless the error of illegality is of a certain degree of gravity.

The administrative judiciary assumed that objective errors of illegality are always of a degree of gravity، while formal errors of illegality are not of a sufficient degree of gravity، and do not entail the responsibility of the management in all cases.

The administrative judiciary is responsible for considering compensation claims in administrative liability while the Islamic grievances judiciary is responsible for considering grievances in the Islamic state and it is considered the theoretical and practical basis of the administrative judiciary in its contemporary concept. However، there are differences between them that indicate the brilliance and superiority of the Islamic grievance’s judiciary over the administrative judiciary.

The aim of this study is to build a program based on active learning strategies in developing literary criticism skills among secondary school students in the Republic of Yemen, and to compare that with students who study the same subject in the usual way. The analytical descriptive approach and the experimental approach were used. The research sample consisted of (80) Male and female students from two public schools in the Al-Thawra Directorate in the capital Sana’a (Khalid bin Al-Walid School and Aisha School) during the first semester of the academic.

To achieve the objectives of the study, the following tools were used: (a list of literary criticism skills - a test measuring literary criticism skills from the book of Literature and Texts for the first secondary grade “Semester One” - a program based on active learning to teach literary texts to develop literary criticism skills among first year secondary students.
The study reached a number of results, the most important of which are the following:

1. There are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of the two applications: (pre and post) among the students of the experimental group in the literary criticism skills achievement test in favor of the post application.
2. There are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of students of the two groups: (experimental and control) in the post application of literary criticism skills test in favor of the experimental group.
3. There are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students in the post application of the Literary Criticism Skills test due to the gender variable.
4. The effectiveness of the program that was prepared to teach literary texts based on active learning strategies in developing literary criticism skills among first year secondary students.

This research is aimed to identify the effect of a proposed training and psychological program accompanying video technology on offensive skills of volleyballs juniors. The researchers used the experimental curriculum، where the research sample consisted of (24) players from Ittihad Seiyun Club-Hadramout Governorate for junior volleyball players، whose ages ranged between (15،17) years، they were selected using the voluntary method and divided into groups، a control group of (12)، and an experimental group of (12). Feet homogeneity was found between the to groups in some variables such as height، chronological age، training age، weight، and offensive skill tests the researchers used the arithmetic and standard deviation and t-value calculated as statistical methods for data processing.

The results of this research showed a clear improvement in the offensive skills of the experimental group under study. Where the skill of the Offensive Blocking Wall came in the first، while the skill of Serving From The Top in the second، and the skill of the Crushing Blow came in the third.

 The results of this research also showed the superiority of the training and psychological program، accompanied by video technology in improving offensive skills over the traditional program significantly.

The two researchers recommend the trainers to use the training and psychological program accompanying the video technology because of its importance in installing and consolidating the skills in the minds of the emerging players، it's also a great mental exercise they are speeds up the learning process.

The study aimed to identify the level of availability of digital skills of teaching staff at Hajjah University.  The study sample consisted of (78) Participants of the faculty members from different teaching ranks: Professor، Associate Professor، Assistant Professor، Teacher and Reade. They were selected by the simple random method. In order to achieve the objectives of the study، the researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of (60) items spread across three axes. The results of the study showed that the degree of digital skills availability of teaching staff at University of Hajjah was high، and that the most important in order، (basic digital skills، then intermediate skills، then advanced skills). The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the overall degree and between the members of the sample attributable to the specialization variables and years of experience. The results also showed that there were statistically significant differences in the overall degree and between the members of the sample attributable to the degree variable in favor of the degree assistant professor. The study recommended the need to pay attention to humanities colleges and training for faculty staff in digital skills in order to help them develop their digital skills، and encourage them to use them by providing material and moral incentives.                                                                 

 The idea of ​​death and end of life has haunted the human mind since eternity. He did not understand the issue of the extinction of the soul after its existence. Writers of literary works were among those who were disturbed by the idea, so they started pouring out their opinions and perceptions in literary works, depicting the fate of this soul, and showing the nature of life in the world after death. Thus, this research focused on the subject of eschatological literature, and aimed at rooting this literary genre, tracing its early roots, and showing the stages of its development while defining its characteristics at each stage. It also aimed to reveal the relationship between eschatological literature and utopia. The research relied in its approach on the new historicism, which believes that the text is an aesthetic structure, which includes other subconscious, social, political and cultural structures, which should be manifested and its different contexts should be explained. Finally, the research came out with a set of results and suggestions.

The study aimed at building a training program for the development of administrative creativity skills in secondary school principals in the capital Sana'a in light of the entrance to the administrative creativity،  by revealing the importance of developing the performance of secondary school principals in the secretariat of the capital Sana'a in light of the entrance to administrative creativity، The study adopted the descriptive curriculum، and used a questionnaire from (28) paragraph، which was applied to a sample of 87  school principal، and the study reached a group of results، the most important of which are: The degree of importance of developing the performance of secondary school principals in the capital Sana'a in light of the entrance to administrative creativity according to the views of the principals working in it.  And for the various fields، it came with a "very large" with an average (4.20)، and at the level of the fields the domain of resilience got the highest average (4.28)، and the domain of sensitivity to problems with  an average of (4.23) both with a (very large) degree of importance. The domain of originality came in the thired place with an arithmetic mean of (4.19)and with a“significant"degree of importance، and finally the domain of fluency with an average of (4.15)  and with a"significant "degree of importsnce . a training program was proposed to develop  the performance of secondary school principals in the light of basic creativity skills (fluency، flexibility، originality، and sensitivty to problems).

This study aims to focus the role that remote sensing technology can play in organizing relief work, and helping to strengthen the early warning system, in a way that contributes to preventing or limiting significant damage caused by climate changes and wars, and generalizing the idea of ​​benefiting from remote sensing among Relief organizations and the affected countries. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher used two methodologies: descriptive method to describe the uses of remote sensing technology and the possibility of benefiting from it in the humanitarian relief aspect and its classification, and deductively method to consider the possibility of applying this technology in the relief field. The study reached several conclusions, Remote Sensing has proven its effectiveness in improving the quality of relief work, providing data and information in a short time and with less effort and cost, and that among these applications is locating the displaced, identifying groundwater sources near their camps, and protecting them from the dangers of floods. The study offered various recommendations:Relief organizations should rehabilitation their employees, enabling them to analyze and process geospatial images, and governments should cooperate with relief organizations’ early warning initiatives to monitor potential risks.

The study aimed to understand the nature of the relationship between civil society organizations and small projects، and whether this relationship is positively developmental or not. To achieve this، an analytical descriptive survey methodology was used for the study. A questionnaire was applied to a sample consisting of 90 participants، who were divided among the study's aspects. Out of them، 30 were postgraduate students from the Research and Studies Center for Social Gender and Development at Sana'a University in the capital's Secretariat، who work in civil society organizations that finance small projects. In addition to this، 60 participants were small business owners from various markets in the Seventy Directorate of the capital's secretariat. The study concluded with several findings، the most important of which is that civil society organizations have a developmental، improving، and positive relationship with small projects in terms of health، human، educational and income levels. However، they have a non-developmental and retrogressive relationship from the economic and social aspect due to the general economic weakness. The study recommends the need to study the amount of financing compared to the small project، qualifying project owners، providing facilitation، and removing obstacles in front of loan seekers from small and micro project owners.

The study aims at identifying the effectiveness of a proposed program based on The Next Generation Science Standards for developing the scientific and engineering practices for chemistry students at the Faculty of Education –Sana'a University. The researcher has adopted the semi-experimental method which is done by the one group design (before- after) with a sample consist of 27 students (male and female) chosen randomly from level three of chemistry students. For building the proposed program and answering the study's questions and hypotheses، the following tools are used: (a cognitive test for the scientific and engineering practices، a scale for the performance side for the scientific and engineering practices). After checking the validity and reliability of the study's tools and materials، applying them and analyzing the data statistically، the study reaches the following results:

• There are statistical differences between the students' Mediterranean degree in the before and after applications for the cognitive test that is related to the scientific and engineering practices، the students' performance scale for the scientific and engineering practices related to the scientific and engineering practices for the sake of the after application and with a significant influence In the light of results، the study provides a number of recommendations and suggestions which include، most importantly، developing a preparatory program of science teacher in the light The Next Generation Science Standards for developing the scientific and engineering practices for students at the teacher preparatory program.

The nature of the research necessitated to be divided into an introduction, two sections, and indexing. In it, the researcher used the descriptive, historical, inductive method, and scientific method used the investigation of manuscript. She concluded a number of results, the most important of which are:-

• The author of the manuscript is Imam Al-Mu^'ayyad Billah Muhammad bin Ismail bin Al-Imam Al-Qasim bin Muhammad, peace be upou them (died in the year: 1097AH) , and the book " Al-Tahtheeb fi Tafsir" was shortened by Imam Al-Hakim Al-Jushami; Limited in that to descent , and the meaning, and provisions.
• The sources and references that studied the life of the imam show that he was a great scholar, and an imam of the imams of Yemen, just, merciful to the people, pious and a lot of fear of God Almighty.
• Imam Al-Mu'ayyad Billah did not disclose the source he referred to in his manuscript, but with the study and tracing of the manuscript, the sources from which he was taken became clear.
• The manuscript content a great deal of scholarly material not only exegesis; Rather, it is a large scientific encyclopedia in which there are many sciences and arts, such as: the science of readings, doctrine, and jurisprudence.

The study aimed to determine the spatial variation of groundwater quality using the hierarchical analysis method and weighted matching in the (ArcGIS) program. To achieve the objectives of the study، the quantitative analytical approach was used to perform spatial and statistical analyzes of field study data and laboratory analyses. This study relied on collecting samples from (75) wells for biological examinations and (51) wells for physical and chemical examinations; To analyze the physical، chemical and biological properties in the laboratory، and the results of the laboratory analysis were used to produce digital maps showing the quality of groundwater in the study area. The study concluded that the water of hazardous and very low quality is concentrated the west of the study area in each of Al-Saadi neighborhood Al-Safia district and the neighborhood of Misik and Bani Qushayb Shu’ub district. ، fluoride، nitrates، total hardness، calcium، dissolved salts)، and the low water quality occupied (24.9%) of the total area of ​​the study area، and appears largely the west of the study area in the following neighborhoods: (Horrible House، Chicken Village، Al-Sufi House، Bab Al-Salam، Taiz Street، Al-Tadamon Al-Shamaliya، and Al-Fatah Al-Shamalia)،As well as the north of the Directorate of Shu’ub the Raslan neighborhood and the north-east of the district the Sa’wan neighborhood and the villages of Al-Gharza، Al-Asha and Al-Tawather. This water is considered unfit for drinking، due to the concentration of elements (total and fecal coliforms، color، turbidity، total alkalinity، total hardness). As for the rest of the study area، the water quality ranged from excellent to good، and it is water suitable for various human uses. Groundwater of excellent quality constituted (27%) of the total area of ​​the study area، and it is found the south and southeast of the study area and other parts As for the areas with good quality of groundwater، they cover the largest percentage، reaching (43.2%) of the total area of ​​the study area. They are generally concentrated in the northern half of the study area the Directorate of Shaub and parts of the middle of the districts of Azal and Al-Safia. The study recommended conducting periodic laboratory analyzes of well water to identify areas of low quality and conducting appropriate treatments to raise the efficiency of groundwater quality، and reduce pollution sources.

Caricature have occupied a unique position within the media landscape and have garnered significant attention in the discourse of journalism. They have emerged as one of the most important and popular forms of journalistic art, closely connected to readers and deeply intertwined with significant events and issues. Their ability to shape public opinion within any newspaper is particularly potent, owing to their concise yet impactful visual and humorous effects in presenting and critiquing various topics. In fact, their influence often surpasses that of thousands of words. As a result, cartoons have become closely associated with political aspects and major issues, prompting numerous political systems to harness them for their own purposes. They are regarded as a self-contained form of discourse, possessing inherent value and persuasive power that sets them apart from other forms of communication.

In view of this position occupied by the caricature, it has become a fertile field of interest for scholars in various fields, especially the influential ones. In view of its openness, plurality, and creativity, we find that its purpose lies in stimulating the recipient and modifying his behavioral direction by fixing or destroying some of his latent intellectual images, or building new intellectual images.  It is one of the most important goals pursued by the argumentative discourse

Based on that, our aim in this research is to examine the key semiotic techniques adopted by persuasive discourse through the use of caricature in the Yemeni newspaper "Al-Thawra" during the period from 1990 to 2000. Through these techniques, the significance of caricature imagery as a persuasive technique becomes evident, highlighting its substantial importance in influencing and persuading public opinion.

This research aims at investigating the impact of using short storytelling teaching technique on the development of Yemeni EFL learners' oral production. The sample of the study was selected randomly from the Second Level students in the Department of English, Faculty of Education, Sana'a University. The selected subjects were assigned randomly into experimental and control groups. After conducting the pre-test for the two groups, the experimental group was taught Spoken English through short storytelling teaching technique whereas the Control group was taught spoken English through the traditional spoken English method. After eight lectures, the post-test was administered to both groups . The data gathered were processed and analyzed statistically through SPSS program. The results revealed that there is a positive impact of short storytelling teaching technique on the development of Yemeni EFL learners' oral production. Therefore, it is highly recommended that English teachers should use short storytelling to encourage learners to speak in order to develop their oral production.                                                     

The study aimed to reveal the effect of using a program developed based on brain-based learning and the binary inquiry cycle to teach chemistry in developing creative thinking skills among 10th grade students in the capital Sana'a. It sample consisted of 93 female students, who were distributed into three groups. Each group composed of 31 students. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the Torrance test for creative thinking formal image (B), modified by the researcher, and was confirmed to be true and consistent. The results of the study were as follows: There were statistically significant differences between means of the 1st experimental group and the control group on the creative thinking test, in favor of the experimental group, The size of the effect of the program the 1st experimental group was very high (η2 = 0.92), and it’s effect was (Es = 2.15), There were statistically significant differences between averages of the scores of the 2nd experimental group and the control group on scale of creative thinking, in favor of the 2nd experimental group. The size of the effect of the program on the development of creative the 2nd experimental group was very high (η2 = 0.92), and it’s effect was (Es = 2.15). The researcher recommended the use of brain-based learning and the bilateral investigation course in teaching chemistry because of their significant positive impact on students' comprehension and meaningful learning.

Interference of both types - offensive or joining - in the arbitration dispute depends mainly on the idea of linking the case, as it is only accepted by its connection to the original case until it is accepted, and this link is what guarantees the realization of the advantages for which either of them was allowed to intervene and also guarantees distance from arbitrariness if it is used without control, and the modern jurisprudence and judicial approach approves the acceptance of the intervention in its two forms in the arbitration dispute even though it was not a signatory to the arbitration agreement, and this is a departure from the original relativity of the arbitration dispute unless It stipulated for that intervention conditions that must be met, the most important of which is the agreement of the parties and the arbitral tribunal on the intervention of others in the arbitration dispute, and upon approval, the intervening third party is considered as a party to the arbitration agreement, and therefore a party to the arbitration dispute.

This research aims to know some of the jurisprudential provisions related to social relations in financial transactions, and to show the comprehensiveness of the provisions of Islamic law, and its connection to all fields of life. It has a close connection with people's social life, and the approach followed is the majority inductive in collecting issues of social relations and arranging them according to the accepted jurisprudential division and analyzing them to reach sound results and come out with the most correct opinion.

The research concluded several results, most notably that social relations are the links and mutual effects between individuals in society that arise as a result of their meeting, exchanging their feelings, and friction with each other through their interaction in the crucible of society, and social relations appear through the interaction of society with each other. In pricing, the black market appears. Social relations deteriorate.

The study aims to diagnose and analyze the most important aspects of visual pollution of the architectural heritage in the old city of Sana'a, and to develop a strategy to treat and value it within the framework of serving the local development in the city. Visual pollution is one of the new issues that is now imposing itself on the heritage reality of the city, which appeared after recent developments that facilitated Ways of life and greatly affected people's lives and their way of living, as a result of the tyranny of material benefit and man's desire for a better life, which introduced extraneous influences to the ancient city, which contributed to the pollution of its architectural heritage and its historical value.

  This dire situation has become a reflection of the architectural heritage of the ancient city of Sana'a, which became famous since the dawn of history during the rule of successive states in the rule of Yemen, as it bears between its lane and its narrow and winding streets the imprints of its inhabitants, and due to the penetration of the touches of the developments of the era, its bright appearance began to fade due to neglect and the desire of its residents to Changing the style of their homes and the disregard of the government authorities, which made most of the urban heritage in the city full of various manifestations of visual pollution. Therefore, the study dealt with the diagnosis and analysis of the most important manifestations of visual pollution of the architectural heritage in the city, knowing its causes and the factors that led to its occurrence and extent of its spread in residential neighborhoods, as well as clarifying its damages. And the extent of its seriousness in the loss of the aesthetic value of the city, Its uncivilized appearance is not commensurate with its historical heritage value, so it must be addressed and valued within the framework of integrating it into advancing the local development wheel in the city.

  Therefore the study based its methodology mainly on the historical, descriptive, analytical and quantitative approach, based on collecting available information about the ancient city of Sana'a, in addition to a comprehensive field survey, where we surveyed the architectural heritage and its types, and we also employed inspection and personal interviews with the population in understanding the reality of visual pollution that affected Its buildings and its settlement on the map, and taking expressive pictures, and from this standpoint, the study came out with a set of results that are included in the body of the study, the most important of which is that the historical architectural fabric included within the preserved sector of the ancient city of Sana’a. In the twenty-first century, he lives in a state of chaos and excessive deterioration, resulting in severe visual pollution and a total loss of the values ​​of the heritage architectural fabric that it gained from being a footprint of the ancestors, which eventually made it a discordant and distorted architectural block devoid of its original past, which is reflected in the end. Negatively on the development path, and based on the results, the study recommended a set of recommendations, all of which are aimed at addressing the visual pollution that dominated the architectural heritage of the city and integrating it into advancing local development.

The current study aimed to know the requirements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, to keep pace with this revolution, and to benefit from all of this in building a proposed vision for the establishment of a center for artificial intelligence in the Ministry of Education in the Republic of Yemen. The researchers used the descriptive analytical method and prepared a questionnaire with the proposed perception, and after extracting validity and reliability, the questionnaire was distributed in its final form to (19) experts in the field of study out of (37) experts from the study community. The study reached the extent of the importance of establishing an artificial intelligence center to transfer the educational process to keep pace with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, especially since there is no such center affiliated with the Ministry of Education in Yemen. Therefore, the study came out - in light of the requirements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution - with a proposed vision for establishing an intelligence center This center includes: the vision, mission, objectives, tasks and organizational structure. As well as the tasks of each unit within the center.

The study aimed to reveal the problems experienced by the outstanding students in the secondary stage in Sana'a city. The study sample composed of (163) male and female students from public and private schools and private schools, who were selected in a cluster random way.The list of problems was compiled by the researcher.The researcher used a list of problems prepared by the researcher, the researcher used the descriptive survey method, the study reached the following results: The problems experienced by the outstanding students in the following . All of them came at an average level, except for family problems, which came at a weak level and ranked lowest among the areas. The highest rank among the areas was educational problems, at an average level. While the level of the total score of the scale, the result was a percentage of (57.33%) and a general average level. The study concluded that the problems At the study sample  at the level of each problem varied between the three levels, high, medium and low, and that there were no differences on the problem scale due to the gender variable in all fields, except for the presence of differences in the emotional field towards males, and the presence of significant statistical differences in the field of emotional problems due to the variable of the type of school (governmental, private) in the direction of private schools, while no differences in other fields according to the variable of the school type( public , private). The results of the study also showed that there were differences among the study sample in the field of educational problems and the total score according to the variable of the type of government school (public, private), in the direction of the type of public schools, while no differences appeared in the rest of the fields and the total score.. The results also showed that there were differences among the study sample due to the variable of the academic level in the axes (educational problems and family problems) towards the second secondary.

The present paper presents analytical themes of Amitav Ghosh,The Glass Palace. It tries to analyze how the novel is related to Empire. In addition, Ghosh has received many awards, among them commonwealth prize when he wrote The Glass Palace. But he refused the prize, because he perfectly knew that the whole business of commonwealth is repackaging of Empire. This paper intends to investigate imperialism in the narrative of Indian writer; with special focus on subaltern voices who expose their  bitter experiences during British Empire. The term 'subaltern' was used by Antonio Gramsci who supports us with the history of subaltern.  After that, it was adopted to Subaltern Studies by  Ranajit Guha. Guha subordinates South Asian society and addresses them in different way; cast, class, gender, race,.. etc.  The research seeks to expose the colonizer's oppression in general and British colonizers in particular; voice the subaltern writers who expose their hard life because of political corruption.       Further, others previous Indian writers narrate the subaltern nations throughout elites who have ambiguous picture about subaltern nations. Rather, elites are not portraying the authentic voices of subaltern. On the other hand, Ghosh asserts that the expansion of British Empire has a significant role on different aspects: woman's oppression, Indian partition into India and Pakistan, and the division of the nations into different classes and parties. To bridge the gap that other writers leave in terms of neglecting woman's rule towards the British colonizer. Ghosh's fiction portrays the woman as the leading spirits, he avoids victimization and degradation of woman. However, other writers depict woman and her experience in patriarchal societies with a deep sympathetic way.                                                                                    

The study was aimed to identify the availability of reflective thinking skills among teachers of Scientific Subjects, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology for the Secondary Stage in Sanhan District, Sana'a Governorate, based on the variables of specialization (major), gender, and experience. To implement this study, the researcher used the descriptive analytical method, and to collect data, the researcher has designed the study tool which is a list of reflective thinking skills, their validity, and converting them into a note card and its validity, and accounting for its sincerity and stability. Then the researcher started to apply it on the study sample which consisted of (57) teachers of physics, chemistry, and biology. The results of the study showed that reflective thinking skills are available in the study sample with an average rate. In addition to that, the results showed that there are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) which are attributed to the variables of specialization, gender, and years of experience of skills which the physics and chemistry teachers have, while there are statistically significant differences attributed to the gender variable for males in Biology teachers in the skills which detect faults and giving convincing interpretations and developing proposed solutions, and the absence of statistically significant differences in the availability of skills as a whole. Moreover, there are statistically significant differences of Biology teachers which are attributed to the variable of years of experience in favor of teachers with years of experience of more than 10 years. According to the results of the study, a set of recommendations has been stated and the most important one was the necessity of developing reflective thinking skills among teachers of scientific subjects related the results of the study.

The research aims to study some of the problems in sociology through the Arab reality, relying on the ideas and opinions of Arab sociologists to understand sociology and the extent of its application in the Arab reality and the extent of its compatibility with this reality, and to know the extent of its suitability in Arab societies. The research also addresses the definition of the first Arab founders Those who left influences, values, and ideas about sociology, headed by the founder of sociology (Ibn Khaldun). The research also attempts to monitor many ideas and opinions expressed by contemporary Arab sociologists. The research relied on the historical approach and the descriptive approach in the first place, as they are the two approaches that clarify the idea of ​​the research and describe it in order to reach useful results for the research. The research was divided into three axes:

The first axis is a historical introduction to sociology. The second axis is about the problems of sociology in the Arab reality. The third axis is to read the ideas of Arab sociologists. The research relied on following the scientific method applied in social research in terms of completing the contents of the research, starting from the introduction, the research problem, its objectives, its questions, and its importance, passing through the concepts used, relying on documented and approved sources and references. The research reached many results that indicated the existence of deep problems in our Arab societies between the sociology that we study and reality, as well as the continuation of Arab sociologists with fascination with what the West offers and transferring it to our Arab societies without taking into account the Arab reality, as dealing is done without taking into account the history and Arab-Islamic heritage as well. Many of the results of the research.