External Factors in the Development of Language and Grammar Sciences: With reference to Profession and Monetization

Abstract

This research first addresses the difference between internal and external factors in the development of sciences. The first type arises from the logic of the science itself, while the second type is beyond the nature of science, whether it is due to individual reasons, such as scientists themselves, or to general political, social, economic, or other circumstances. Then it focuses on the main profession practiced by Arabic linguists, grammarians, and narrators, which is public and private teaching. It reveals other aspects of the benefits gained by Arabic scholars in their proximity to those in higher positions. For example, the connection between authorship and those in higher positions, as some scholars write on a specific topic upon their request, dedicate their works to them, or title their works after their names.

Other reasons for receiving rewards include the scholar's response to a scientific question from them, the presence of scholars in their gatherings, the issuance of a wise response from the scholar, or the narration of a story that amazed them. Lastly, it discusses the negative effects of Arabic scholars' monetizing knowledge and their proximity to those in higher positions, such as fabrication, complexity of works, arrogance in debates, and presenting a unrealistic image of grammatical differences by highlighting the dichotomy of Al-Basra and Al-Kufa. Furthermore, the presence of Arabic scholars near positions of power does not rule out that they were either integrated with the ruling ideology or submissive to it.