The policy of the Ottoman governor Muhammad Ezzat Pasha and his reform and architectural efforts in Yemen 1299-1302 AH / 1881-1884 AD

Abstract

The Ottoman Empire was able to assume control over three continents (Asia, Africa and Europe), and in its reign the decline began, and the Ottomans moved from attack to defense. Then, they alerted to reforming and developing the state's systems, to no avail.

As for Yemen, the political conditions it went through helped the Ottoman Empire to return to it, and it took control of Sanaa in 1289 H - 1872 after it had withdrawn from it in 1045 H - 1635. Yemen remained in its second period – Empire of forty-five years, which was run by twenty-one wails (governors), whose policies and terms of office varied.

As for the Wali, Mohammed Ezzat Pasha - the subject of the current research - he faced resistance and rejection of the presence of the Ottoman forces in some regions of Yemen, perhaps the most important of which are: Asir, Aanis, Hajjah, Sa'ada, Hashid, Arhab, Khawlan, and others.

Wars and battles took place between the two parties in many of these regions, but the Wali, Mohammed Ezzat Pasha followed the policy of inciting the tribes against each other, and sowing discord and conflict between them, thus he achieved influence among these tribes. He also attracted some sheikhs by paying them monthly salaries, and he was able to achieve relative stability thanks to this policy.

Despite his efforts to cooling off, he did not overlook the service and architectural aspects, most of which are explained in this research.