Literal translation of the Holy Qurʼān: Bridging the gap between its prohibition and predominant presence in endorsed translations

Abstract

The issue of literal translation, especially in the context of the Qur’anic text, raises polarized arguments among translation scholars and practitioners. Orthodox Muslim scholars have fundamentally different views on the permissibility of literal translation of the Holy Qurʼān meanings, with the majority rejecting it. However, they approved translations that heavily relied on literal translation and deemed them reliable. This study aims to explore the various opinions of Muslim scholars regarding the literal translation of the Holy Qurʼān meanings, and provide a reconciliation of theoretical stances on literal translation with practical attitudes towards endorsed translations. A literature review of the debates surrounding literal translation, along with a critical reading of texts from a translation science perspective, reveals a potential misconception among Muslim scholars regarding the concepts of literal translation and word-for-word translation. While the vast majority of Muslim scholars maintained reservations, some accurately defined literal translation, supporting its use over other translation methods when possible. The research advocates for a dire assessment of literal translation, drawing from authenticated translations. By addressing the misconceptions of literal translation, it aims at a nuanced understanding of literal translation, which will help improve scholarly understanding and fortify the theoretical underpinnings for practical and theoretical translation initiatives.