Sana'a University Journal of Human Sciences

Any intellectual project that is aimed to be a progressive project for society and the nation must embark on two parallel paths: first, engaging with the heritage of the nation, which is a part of its identity, by critically examining what remains relevant to the present and criticizing what deserves criticism, and second addressing the societal issues that concern the entire nation, focusing on the issues that trouble the hearts and minds of the nation, as no society is devoid of such concerns.

The research is based on the problem faced by some who deny the existence of an intellectual project by Al-Sayyid Hussein, which is built on solid foundations and has specific objectives and aims. The research seeks to affirm the authenticity of that project by exploring an important aspect of it, which is the critical examination of certain Islamic heritage books.

The research has reached several conclusions, including the idea that the Quranic intellectual project of Al-Sayyid Hussein Al-Houthi was a humanitarian, enlightening, progressive project. Its content has encompassed the components of a renaissance, reformist discourse, which made enlightenment, reform, and the advancement of the Ummah the ultimate goal and objective. It also emphasized that human beings are both the purpose and the means of this advancement and reform.

It has also concluded that his criticism of theology and the principles of jurisprudence was a constructive scientific criticism based on textual and rational foundations, relying on the power of logic derived from the Quran. It was not a superficial criticism for the sake of criticism, but rather a criticism that was concerned for the welfare of the Ummah, which had forsaken what Allah has provided in the Quran and turned to the teachings of the Mu'tazilah and the scholars of the principles of jurisprudence, which provides no benefit at all, especially when compared to the Holy Quran.

This study aims to describe the reality of educational process and to document the violation of the right to education during the Israeli aggression on Gaza Strip after the 7th of October.It also aims to analyze the state of popular steadfastness in light of increasing Israeli aggression.To conduct this study, a qualitative desk-based approach was used, which involved analyzing published documents, daily reports issued by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, international institutions, UNRWA, social media, news websites, and relevant statistics. Data was collected between October 10th, 2023, and February 16th, 2024, using content analysis as a research tool. The collected data was then analyzed using the axial analysis method, which involved extracting a set of categories that represented the main ideas and themes related to the study's topic, then sub-categories were developed to gain a deeper understanding of the reality being studied.The researchers extracted quotations from the main sources to document the data and clarify the findings more accurately. They developed a set of recommendations at various levels including local, global, school, family, and educational system levels. The recommendations include studying children's psychological and affective needs, developing a therapeutic plan for the scenes of killing and feelings of loss experienced by children, engaging parents in their children's recovery process through positive constructive dialogue, and providing practical strategies to support their children at homes.

This research aims, in general, to explore the psychological foundations of education from the perspective of the Islamic (Arabic) approach as presented by prominent educators. It focuses on one of the most prominent figures in Islamic psychological education, Imam Abu-Hamed Al-Ghazali, the esteemed educational behavioral scientist. Al-Ghazali delved into the human psyche, its divisions, diseases, and illnesses, offering remedies after diagnosing the ailments. He preceded the scholars of his time in both the East and the West, earning him the right to be considered a pioneer, as acknowledged by Western scholars for his vast scientific knowledge in various fields, including psychological education. His book, "Ma'arij Al-Quds fi Madarij Ma'rifat An-Nafs" (Ascents to Al-Quds in the Stages of Self-Knowledge), authored in the year 592 Hijri (approximately 853 years ago), will be examined. The researcher will present Al-Ghazali's educational methods, his educational views, and his guidance for both teachers and learners. Additionally, the research introduces some educators' reviews and additions related to this research aspect concerning the human soul, which Allah has honored. The goal is to demonstrate that the Islamic approach has always been and remains the most successful in educating the human soul and elevating its behavior from the material and animalistic realm to the realm of being an honored soul, distinguished by Allah from all other creatures.

The current study aims to assess the integration of second-generation science standards within the physics curriculum at the secondary level in the Republic of Yemen. The research methodology adopted a descriptive analytical approach. The research sample comprised physics textbooks for the first, second, and third grades of secondary education in the Republic of Yemen, specifically the 2023 edition. To gather data, a list of NGSS science standards was compiled and subsequently validated by experts. Content analysis cards were developed, and the reliability of agreement was established using the Holsti method, resulting in a total reliability coefficient of (0.98). Data collection and analysis utilized descriptive statistics, including rankings, frequencies, and percentages to address the research inquiries.

1. The mean extent of incorporation of second-generation science standards (NGSS) in the physics textbooks for the first year of secondary school was calculated at (11.1%), with no discernible level of inclusion.
2. The average extent of integration of second-generation science standards (NGSS) in the physics textbooks for the second year of secondary school was determined to be (13.6%), with no discernible level of inclusion.
3. The overall average extent of integration of second-generation science standards (NGSS) in the physics textbooks for the third year of secondary school was found to be (15.33%),with no discernible level of inclusion.

The primary objective of this research is to elucidate the impact of inclusive quality management and its key dimensions (customer focus, continuous improvement, training, and top-level management support) on enhancing competitiveness within money exchange companies in the Republic of Yemen. The study employs a descriptive analytical methodology, with a sample size of (167) individuals drawn from a population of (363) individuals. A questionnaire serves as the primary data collection tool. The findings indicated a high level of quality management and competitiveness within Yemeni exchange companies. Furthermore, a positive and statistically significant correlation was observed between the implementation of total quality management practices and the competitiveness of leaders and employees within the studied exchange companies.

The study put forth a series of recommendations, emphasizing the necessity for exchange companies to prioritize employee education programs aimed at fostering a culture of inclusive quality, alongside organizing workshops and seminars to facilitate the practical application of inclusive quality management principles. Additionally, it was suggested that exchange companies management establish a dedicated development unit to enhance programs and services in alignment with quality standards. Moreover, attention should be directed towards assessing customer satisfaction, given its pivotal role in service improvement and development efforts.

The aim of the current research is to present a proposed conception for the development of public education funding sources in Ibb Governorate in the light of contemporary global experiences. To achieve that, the researcher used the descriptive approach with the quality of the development survey, due to its consistency, objectives and the nature of the current research, and to collect data and information, the researcher used a questionnaire-type tool, which included (49) paragraphs. The total level of approval of the participating experts regarding the fields of developing education funding sources in the light of contemporary global experiences increased to a large extent with a total approval rate of (83%), and with a total mean of (2.48) and a total standard deviation (0.46), out of the total responses of the participating of (24) experts. In light of this, the researcher recommended a set of recommendations that would apply the results of the proposed vision.

The study aimed to know the reality of Yemeni universities within the global rankings of universities, and ways to develop them, by identifying the standards and indicators of the classification of international universities. The position of Yemeni universities varied from year to year, In recent years (2020-2023), Sana'a University ranked first among local universities, while the University of Science and Technology maintained its position within the Web metrics classification, study came out with recommendations and proposals, most notably: Paying attention to scientific research and spending on it, in order for Yemeni universities to have advanced positions in international rankings.

The research examines the impact of tax exemption on the principle of tax justice in the Yemeni tax laws issued in 2020. The descriptive method was used for the concepts related to the subject of the study, and the analytical method of legal texts and provisions related to tax exemptions was used, with the use of extrapolation and deduction methods in studying judicial decisions and judgments to achieve the extent to which the will of the Yemeni tax legislator achieves the principle of tax justice by exempting small and smaller enterprises, employees of such enterprises, and small taxpayers on the proceeds of rented real estate from income taxes, as these categories constitute a broad rule of The tax community, in addition to exempting some necessary and important goods and services from the general sales tax, the study found some findings and a set of recommendations.

This study targets the aspects of agreement and difference in the science of occasions when the two Imams Al-Sam’ani in his interpretation: (Interpretation of the Qur’an) and Al-Joshmi in his interpretation: (refinement in interpretation); Because of its great importance among the investigations of the sciences of the Holy Qur’an، and a review of the concept of the science of occasion when linguists and scientists who specialize in this science، and an statement of the types of occasion in general، and the sayings of scholars in it،And an explanation of the most prominent people who wrote about this noble science، and an explanation of who had the upper hand in this knowledge between the two venerable imams.. The researcher has used the historical inductive method and the descriptive method.

One of the most prominent findings of the researcher was that Imam Al-Sama’ani and Imam Al-Joshmi touched on this honorable science (the science of occasions)، but Imam Al-Joshmi expanded on this science in his interpretation، and he has his own way in employing the strange occasion، where he declares it under the name (systems).)، and sometimes includes it implicitly in the meaning with (lamma)، which indicates connection and explanation.

The study of textual cohesion is a recent trend in the linguistic lesson. Recurrence is one of the topics of textual cohesion at the lexical level through which the existence of textual cohesion can be determined through the effect that repetition has on textual cohesion.

Studies have been striving to investigate the effect of repetition on textual cohesion through text grammar, so the importance of this study lies in the fact that it made a contribution in this field.

This study examines the textual cohesion in Surah Al-Kahf through the element of repetition, as it is one of the prominent aspects of textual cohesion. The study relied on choosing Surah Al-Kahf specifically due to the abundance and variety of repetition found within this surah, encompassing repetition at the level of letters, words, sentences, and entire Quranic verses.

     This paper sheds light on the various stages, reasons, goals and agendas that the discourse of Orientalism has gone through since early centuries onwards. It exposes the critical ideological hostility between the West and the East, as well as Christianity and Islam, which has resulted in the proliferation of countless fabrications, misconceptions and lies within the discourse of Orientalism considering the Orient. The paper attempts to prove that Orientalism is a solely Western style that has never ever been pure or realistic in representing the Islamic East. However, it has always been negative and unfair in dealing with everything related to the Orient. Indeed, it is used as both a preparation and justification for the Western military and ideological clashes and colonization on the Orient. This paper includes an introduction, two sections and a conclusion. The first section provides a detailed background about the various reasons behind the appearance and development of Orientalism throughout history while the following section tracks the origin of Orientalism from the past up to the present day. The paper concludes that Orientalism is not a new phenomenon and it cannot be understood as a homogeneous discourse, yet it has changed, transformed and mutated throughout history. It is the huge Western body of literary, historical or sociological texts that only aims at dominating, restructuring and having authority over the Orient.

Refugees did not enjoy international protection. As a result of the effects of World War II, the 1951 Refugee Convention was approved and ratified by most countries in the world. Then international protection began its new reality and the United Nations General Assembly authorized an international agency to implement international protection and monitor its application. Under the Convention, refugees began to enjoy the rights granted. Of countries and imposed duties on them towards the host countries. The agreement did not ignore the rights and obligations of countries. Then came regional agreements that supported the path of protection, in addition to regional declarations that supported and corrected the paths. However, there are effects of protection that fall on the shoulders of refugees and states alike.

The study aims to determine the level of practice of administrative leadership in Yemeni private universities regarding sustainable leadership characteristics from their perspective. The researchers used a descriptive survey methodology, and the tool consisted of a questionnaire consisting of 25 statements divided into two dimensions. It was distributed to a sample of (289) leaders from academic and administrative positions in (12) Yemeni private universities. The study found that the overall level of sustainable leadership practice in Yemeni private universities was high, with an average score of (3.49) out of 5. The foundational practices of university leadership ranked first with a high level of practice, with an average score of (3.59), while academic and administrative leadership practices ranked second with a moderate level of practice, with an average score of (3.39). The results indicated no statistically significant differences at a significance level of α≤0.05 based on variables such as job level, educational qualification, and years of service in the university. However, significant differences were found based on gender (favoring males) and position (favoring academics). Based on the results, the researchers recommend a continued focus on sustainable leadership practices and the development and training of university personnel in sustainable leadership. They also sugges conducting further studies on this topic.

The study amis to determine the effectiveness of a proposed study unit in social studies to develop the concepts of preventive education among seventh-grade students in Amanat Al-Asimah. To achieve the aim of the study, the semi-experimental approach was used, designed for one group (pre- and post-test), due to its suitability to the nature of this study. The study tool includs a test. It consists of (34) items, and the study sample consists of (90) male and female students, chosen intentionally. The study reaches the following results:

• There are statistically significant differences (at a significance level of 0.05) between the average scores of seventh-grade students in the pre- and post-application of the test of preventive education concepts, in favor of the post-application.
• There are statistically significant differences (at a significance level of 0.05) between the average scores of seventh-grade students in the post-test of preventive education concepts in favor of females.

This study aims to investigate the impact of strategic planning on achieving competitive advantage within private cement manufacturing companies in the Republic of Yemen. Employing a descriptive analytical approach, the research utilized a questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument. The study's population comprised a comprehensive inventory of individuals occupying management and specialized positions within the targeted companies, totaling (561) participants. A total of (452) valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis.

Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20, along with the statistical software (STATA 14) and the structural equation modeling program (SmartPL S3). The findings reveal several key results, including a high level of engagement in strategic planning practices and the attainment of competitive advantage among private cement manufacturing companies. Furthermore, the study identifies a statistically significant effect of strategic planning on achieving competitive advantage, particularly at the dimensional level, highlighting the influence of strategic environmental analysis and the formulation of the strategic plan on competitive outcomes.

"mention and omission" pertaining to vocabulary, sentences, or semi-sentences. This phenomenon has been extensively examined by grammarians and rhetoricians. In this research, the researcher aims to identify instances of mention in the verses related to combat that correspond with instances of omission, whether within the combat verses themselves or in other contexts. Utilizing a descriptive approach grounded in inductive reasoning and analysis, this study seeks to uncover the underlying meanings associated with these instances of mention and deletion. It is posited that the manifestation of concepts in two distinct forms signifies the presence of differing semantic interpretations.

The structural semantics present in the verses pertaining to combat were elucidated through the axes explored in this research, which encompass the following grammatical meanings:

The first: mention the certain and omit it.Second: mention the subject and omit it.

Third: mention and omit the effect.Fourth: mention and omit the described.

Fifth: mention and omit the adjective.

Sixth: the increase in word as a result of the difference in the subject or context.Seventh: the difference in the composition of mention and omission.Eighth: mention and omission of the reference.Ninth: mention and omission of "aljar and almajror".The research culminated in significant findings derived from the semantics inherent in this linguistic structure, which is a defining characteristic of the Arabic language.

This study aims to investigate the feasibility of adopting Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, encompassing dimensions such as (Supplier Relationship Management, Customer Relationship Management, Business Intelligence, and Mobile Commerce), within the context of smart government transformation. The latter includes dimensions of (Smart Management, Smart Communication, and Smart Services). Additionally, the study seeks to assess the current state of ERP system implementation and the status of smart government initiatives within the Yemeni telecommunications sector. Employing a descriptive analytical approach, the study utilizes a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The target population comprises all employees utilizing ERP systems in the Yemeni government telecommunications sector, specifically those affiliated with the General Corporation for Telecommunications and the Yemeni International Telecommunications Company (headquarters). Participants are required to possess qualifications in fields such as Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Information Technology, Information Systems, Networking, or Business Administration, totaling (177) individuals. A comprehensive survey was conducted involving all members of the target population. Out of the (177) distributed questionnaires, (157) were retrieved and analyzed, yielding a response rate of 88%.

The findings indicate that the implementation of ERP systems is perceived to be at a high level, as is the practice of smart government. Furthermore, the results suggest that the adoption of ERP systems significantly contributes to the transformation towards smart government within the Yemeni telecommunications sector.

The study recommends that the Yemeni government telecommunications sector prioritize the updating and development of ERP systems to facilitate integration with mobile applications. Additionally, it is essential for this sector to formulate a clear strategic plan for smart government transformation, delineating specific goals and necessary steps for implementation. Finally, the adoption of mobile applications and devices for service delivery to beneficiaries is strongly advised.

This research elucidates the historical conditions under which writing and Al-Dwaween (administrative registers) emerged in Arab civilization. It then discusses the decision to Arabize Al-Dwaween during the Umayyad era, the purposes behind this decision, and its impact on the enthusiasm for learning Arabic. The research examines reports indicating that caliphs and princes exercised linguistic oversight over al-kuttab (scribes), promoting or dismissing them based on their proficiency in Arabic. It highlights an ideological aspect within Arab culture that believed the speech of the elite should be free from the linguistic corruption common among the general populace. The research explores the interaction of Arabic scholars with the domain of writing and al-kuttab, detailing the works scholars directed towards this field and their complaints about al-kuttab's shortcomings in Arabic sciences. It explicates the linguistic topics that emerged in these works, which are sixfold: general linguistic knowledge, issues of orthography, matters of linguistic correction, linguistic knowledge related to writing, linguistic traditions connected to writing, and the introduction to rhetorical issues and their opposites. The study further demonstrates the al-kuttab's attention to rhetoric, which was considered one of the "tools of writing," and their role in developing rhetoric and their influence on literary prose. A dual-natured language emerged in the writing domain, fulfilling administrative requirements with a literary character.

This research aims to identify the needs of the widow from a religious perspective and to know the nature of her life in Yemeni society in the context of customs and traditions, as well as to recognize the needs of the widow from a psychological perspective.

Through the study, the researchers highlighted the extent of suffering experienced by Yemeni widows, which is fueled by customs, traditions, and societal culture that deviates from the instructions of Islam that consider the needs of the soul, mind, and body. Islam, the religion of human nature, recognizes the needs of the soul, mind, and body, and emphasizes the rights of individuals and communities to ensure social cohesion, safety, and the attainment of a dignified life for every individual. Furthermore, the researchers discussed the needs of widows from a psychological perspective according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

The researchers identified the significance of the study, the reasons for its selection, and its objectives, in addition to the key terms used in this study.

The researchers clarified that the majority of widows experience this suffering due to the deviation from the sound divine methodology and the replacement of customs and traditions.

The study further clarified that alongside the dark images of widows' suffering, there are bright examples of successful widows who rely on their faith in Allah, surrendering and being content with their fate, and having confidence in themselves and their aspirations.

The research has reached several significant conclusions, including:

The state of widowhood does not reduce the value and status of women, as they remain human beings whose values and feelings must be preserved, whether by the widows themselves or by society.

The psychological needs of widows are not different from the needs of any other individual regardless of gender.

The research also provided recommendations, including:

1. Establishing associations and forums specifically dedicated to the care of widowed women, especially elderly ones, that provide recreational opportunities and activities can help them enjoy their lives, overcome feelings of loneliness, and mitigate the psychological and physical ailments that may result from such feelings.
2. Conducting a comparative study that addresses the same subject using a descriptive-analytical approach to compare widows and non-widows.

The primary objective of this research is to investigate the role of knowledge management in its dimensions (knowledge generation, knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing, knowledge storage, and knowledge application) in achieving organizational excellence in Yemeni private universities in the capital Sana’a, and, knowing the level of achieving organizational excellence. In the Yemeni private universities, the study followed the descriptive, analytical, and correlational approach. The study population represented academic and administrative leaders in ten private universities in the capital, Sana’a, and they numbered (524) members. A questionnaire was designed as a tool for collecting data from a sample size of (233) individuals. (221) Valid questionnaires for statistical analysis were retrieved from it, and after conducting the statistical analyses.The findings revealed a notable emphasis on the implementation of knowledge management practices across all dimensions, with the exception of knowledge storage which displayed a higher level of implementation. Furthermore, a relatively high level of organizational excellence was observed across all dimensions, with the exception of structural excellence which was rated as high. Significantly, the study identified a statistically significant relationship between knowledge management practices and the achievement of organizational excellence in Yemeni private universities.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between the implementation of strategic leadership practices and the attainment of sustainable development objectives within the Ministry of Education in the Republic of Yemen. The research seeks to assess the extent to which strategic leadership is practiced and the level of achievement of sustainable development goals, as well as to explore any potential correlations between these factors. Additionally, the study examines whether there are any significant differences in perceptions regarding strategic leadership practices and sustainable development goal achievement among individuals in the sample based on demographic variables.

The research methodology employed a descriptive quantitative approach, utilizing analytical and correlational methods, with a closed-ended questionnaire as the primary research tool. The study population consisted of (2502) individuals, comprising middle and executive leadership roles within the Ministry of Education. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample of (335) individuals, representing (14%) of the total population.

The findings of the study indicate that the degree of strategic leadership practice was perceived as "low" by the sample participants, while the level of sustainable development goal achievement was rated as "medium". A positive and statistically significant correlation was observed at the (0.05) level between strategic leadership practices and sustainable development goal attainment. No significant differences were identified based on demographic variables in relation to the study variables, although notable variances were noted based on job level.

The researcher recommends that the Ministry of Education enhance credibility with employees across all sectors and branches, facilitate employee participation in decision-making processes, and provide a clearer strategic direction to promote sustainable development goal achievement.