Sana'a University Journal of Human Sciences

This study aims to monitor the values contained in local radio advertisements in the Republic of Yemen, and the relationship of those values to a set of variables (type of product, type of target audience, nationality of the advertiser), and to reveal methods of employing those values in radio stations, as well as analyzing the characteristics of advertising messages in terms of form. and content. This study falls within the descriptive analytical studies. The two researchers used the questionnaire as a main tool in analyzing the content of radio advertisements, through a random sample of Yemeni radio station advertisements amounting to (90) advertisements. The study reached a number of conclusions, most notably: that the use of social values in Yemeni radio ads came in the first place in terms of the type of values included in the ads, then personal values, followed by economic values, while religious values occupied the last rank, and the results revealed that there were no differences. In terms of the values contained in the radio ads and the nationality of the advertiser (Yemeni - Arab - foreigner), on the other hand, the use of radio ads showed a set of creative strategies, where the strategy of emphasizing the advantage came at the forefront of those creative strategies used in Yemeni radio ads.

The study aimed to identify the educational impact based on the TPACK model Technological pedagogical Content Knowledge for teaching chemistry in developing self-regulated learning skills among academically gifted students in the city of Sana’a. The study used the quasi-experimental approach with a one-group pre-post design. The study sample consisted of (27) female students from Female students of the second year of secondary school at Al-Shahid Al-Samad High School for Outstanding Female Students in Sana’a ctiy, Section (C). The study tool was a measure of self-regulated learning skills consisting of 52 items. The documents for the developed program for the study were prepared in order to implement the experiment according to the TPACK model, which are: (Teacher’s Guide, the student booklet, 9 educational videos prepared by the researcher, and mind maps using

artificial intelligence using the whimsical program. The data was analyzed using the SPSS 21 program, where the researcher relied on the T-Test method for two interconnected samples. The results of the study concluded that there were statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the posttest and the average scores of the pretest in the self-regulated learning skills test, in favor of the posttest. The researcher There is a need to train teachers and educators on modern applications in order to use learning strategies based on the TPACK model.

The study aimed to investigate the impact of implementing the human resources empowerment strategy in Yemeni Islamic banks with its dimensions (information sharing, teamwork, autonomy and freedom, motivation) and its impact on achieving development in its various dimensions. The study used the descriptive-analytical approach through a comprehensive survey of the leaders and employees in the selected banks (with more than 15 years of service and a large number of employees with more than 20 leaders). 217 units were distributed and 201 were retrieved. The most prominent results showed that the human resources empowerment strategy in Yemeni Islamic banks has a high role in achieving development. There was also a statistically significant effect of the human resources empowerment strategy on achieving development.

The study recommended the need to pay attention to the human resources empowerment strategy in Islamic banks by developing it to enhance development and address shortcomings. It also recommended the need to improve the application of the human resources empowerment strategy in Yemeni banks by focusing on its dimensions (information sharing, teamwork, autonomy and freedom, motivation) due to their significant impact on achieving development in its various dimensions.

The current research aims to improve the performance of the General Authority for Endowments by identifying the degree to which it practices strategic planning and the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and if there are statistically significant differences in the answers of sample members due to the variables (academic qualification, job position, and years of experience.

To achieve this, the researcher used both types of descriptive method: survey and developmental. The questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting data, which was applied to a stratified random sample of (160) individuals, representing (34%). The study tool was distributed to them, from which (131) questionnaires were retrieved from the original community (476) individuals working in the General Authority for Endowments. To reach the results of the field study, the questionnaire data was processed in the statistical package program (SPSS), and the research

reached the following results:

• The overall degree of strategic planning practice in the General Authority of Endowments at the total performance level was with an arithmetic average (2.94), a standard deviation (0.65), and a verbal connotation (medium).
• There are no statistically significant differences in the answers of the research sample members regarding the degree of strategic planning practice in the General Authority of Endowments due to the variables (academic qualification, job position, and years of experience.)
• The degree of application of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) in the General Authority of Endowments at the performance level as a whole came with an arithmetic average (2.53), a standard deviation (0.68), and a verbal connotation (weak).
• There are no statistically significant differences in the answers of the research sample members regarding the reality of implementing the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) in the General Authority of Endowments due to the variables (academic qualification, job position, and years of experience).

The research aimed to reveal the effectiveness of differentiated instruction in developing jurisprudential concepts among second-year secondary students in Sana'a Governorate. The researcher used the descriptive approach, the construction and development method in preparing the list of jurisprudential concepts, and the quasi-experimental method in designing the experiment "the design based on two groups: experimental and control", with pre- and post-measurement. The research sample consisted of 80 students from the second year of secondary school in Sana'a Governorate, divided into two equal and equivalent groups: experimental and control. The experimental group was taught using the proposed program based on the differentiated instruction strategy in the second semester of the academic year 2023/2024, while the control group was taught using the usual method. To collect the necessary data for the research, the researcher prepared a jurisprudential concepts test consisting of 50 questions. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: reaching a list of jurisprudential concepts necessary for second-year secondary students in Sana'a Governorate, including 68 sub-concepts under 11 main concepts; the existence of statistically significant differences at a significance level of 0.000 between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-application of the jurisprudential concepts test, with the differences in favor of the experimental group who learned according to the differentiated instruction strategy. The results also showed that the program based on differentiated instruction is highly effective in developing jurisprudential concepts among the experimental group of second-year secondary students in Sana'a Governorate, as the value of the adjusted gain for the effectiveness in developing jurisprudential concepts was 1.31, which is higher than the value of 1.2 set by Black for high effectiveness. Accordingly, the following recommendations were made: benefiting from the training program prepared by the current research in teaching students in other grades and subjects; and the necessity of including the differentiated instruction strategy among the strategies used in preparing Islamic education teachers and training them on how to use it in teaching the subject.

The study aimed to investigate the impact of strategy typology on the performance of Yemeni business organizations. It also aimed to identify the differences in the performance levels of these organizations based on strategy typology, organization age, and industry field. To achieve these objectives, the study adopted a descriptive methodology using a questionnaire to collect data from a sample of 305 individuals from the leadership of 43 industrial and service organizations. Data analysis was conducted using statistical analysis programs (SPSS.26) and (Smart PLS 4). The results indicated that the prospector strategy is the most widely implemented by Yemeni business organizations. Furthermore, the performance level of the organizations included in the study improved moderately over the past three years. The study found a significant positive impact of Prospector and Analyzer strategies on organizational performance, while the impact of defender strategy was not significant. The results revealed that Prospector, defender, and Analyzer organizations achieved similar performance levels, regardless of whether they operated in the industrial or service sector, and their performance did not vary according to their age. The study provided several recommendations, the most important of which include the necessity of enhancing the internal capabilities of Yemeni business organizations to capitalize on existing market opportunities, as well as gradually striving to achieve a balance between flexibility and efficiency to enable rapid responses to environmental changes. Additionally, it emphasized the importance of conducting regular performance evaluations to identify and strengthen points of strength while addressing weaknesses.

The aim of the research was to determine the level of burnout among employees in privat schools in the capital   – Sana'a 

The study used the descriptive analytical method, and the questionnaire to collect data, a simple randorn sample of (325) male and fernale employees of the school community of the study was selected, the questionnaire was   distributed to the sample membets and (273) of them suitable for analysis.  By relying on the statistical analysis program (SPSS) and other statistical methods, the study reached a set of results: -

The level of job burnout was average, God willing, and The study recommended the need to focus on reducinh the phenomenon of job burnout by holding training courses, the capabilities of workers and the burdens placed on their shoulders, their qualiftcations and abilities them achieve their personal goals and meet their ambitions and work to create a fair rewards and incentives system.

The research aimed to know the role of tourism promotion in achieving tourism development in Yemen Field study in the capital

  To achieve the research objectives، the researcher used the descriptive analytical method to analyze the results. He also selected the sample through a comprehensive enumeration method for the sample population، which is the leaders of tourism promotion in the municipality of the capital، Sana’a، for a number of (30) individuals. The questionnaire was used as a tool for the research، and the researcher conducted an analysis Using information using the SPSS program

the results of the research showed that there is a statistically significant role for tourism promotion in achieving development Tourist. The research also came up with several recommendations، the most important of which are paying attention to activating and implementing all promotion policies Tourist The importance of modernizing the organizational structure of the tourism sector in line with local and regional developments and international

This study aimed to identify the impact of strategic flexibility and its dimensions (resource flexibility, organizational structure flexibility, and service delivery flexibility) on achieving competitive advantage and its dimensions (quality, cost, market share, and innovation) for Yemeni banks in the capital city. The study also aimed to assess the level of strategic flexibility enjoyed by Yemeni banks and measure their level of competitive advantage. A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and data were collected through a questionnaire. The study population consisted of 1,146 individuals representing 11 banks, and the targeted sample size was 330 individuals, according to the Krejcie and Morgan model. Using SPSS 27 software, the study data were analyzed, and its hypotheses were tested.

The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: the positive impact of strategic flexibility on achieving competitive advantage in the Yemeni banks under study. Additionally, there was significant interest in strategic flexibility across all its dimensions, with the highest attention given to the dimensions of resource flexibility and service delivery flexibility, while the least attention was given to organizational structure flexibility. Furthermore, there was a high level of interest in competitive advantage, with the most emphasized dimensions being cost, quality, and market share, while the least emphasized dimension was innovation.

The study recommended: increasing attention to the application of strategic flexibility in the banks under study across all dimensions, which will enable them to adapt to economic and political changes and respond effectively to challenges. Furthermore, the banks should focus on enhancing their competitive advantage in all dimensions, particularly in the area of innovation, as this will contribute to a better understanding of customer needs and strengthen their competitive position.

This study titled "Methods of (Interrogative, Calling, Negation) between Arabic and Soqotri" was conducted by the researcher to study the Soqotri language. The study was divided into three sections. First section " Interrogative Method " discussed the definition of interrogation, its tools, and omission in both languages. Second "Calling" discussed the definition of calling, its tools, and omission in both languages, as well as some issues related to calling such as help, surprise, and lamentation. Third "Negation" discussed the definition of negation and its tools in both languages. In each part of the three sections, the study sought to balance and compare the two languages to identify the similarities and differences between them.

The importance of this study lies in the fact that it serves the Soqotri language, and enriches the Arabic library with research related to it, and reveals the points of agreement and disagreement in the studied methods between the two languages. The study aims to know the tools used for the studied methods in Soqotri to know the points of agreement between the two languages, and to seek to find a scientific study of the studied methods in the two languages.

The study reached results, including that Soqotri has its own tools for the studied methods, and that Soqotri can omit the tool of Interrogative, Calling, and called like Arabic, and we find that Soqotri has a smaller number of tools. The study adopted the descriptive and comparative approach, where the material is described and then the comparison between the two languages.

The study of health facilities is one of the important archaeological and architectural studies as part of the architectural heritage of the city, and its presence can be considered a distinction for the city from the village as it constitutes an important element in the urban formation and cultural manifestations of the city, and among these facilities are saunas, which are built independently, whether single or attached to a religious facility, and considering the importance of this type of facilities, the research was directed to the study of the steam bath and study an architectural archaeological study, and the importance of the study lies in being the only bathroom in the city since its establishment to the present day, and the people of villages and neighboring areas come to benefit from its services, and it is one of the shared bathrooms allocated certain days for women and others for men, and Islamic architecture has known the type of shared bathrooms and specializes in the afternoon for men and the afternoon for women^[1], Despite its historical as well as functional importance, it did not receive a documented archaeological study except for what was done by the French researcher Lucien^[2] to limit some facilities in the city of Thala, but her study did not follow the proper architectural descriptive approach, and the study was interested in the architectural description of all service sections of the bathroom from halls and accessories and correcting all the errors mentioned by Lucine, and the study was also interested in knowing the extent of the architect's commitment to implementing the architectural conditions in the style of construction of the bathroom and the distribution of its service accessories, and comparing its planning The architect and its units with the baths spread in the Islamic world or pre-Islamic eras, which were all associated and shared a common denominator in the presence of three main halls of the bath, to which the bather gradually turns, in order to reach his architectural features.

To answer these previous questions, the study approaches the theoretical side through field visits that help the study in the descriptive and documentary approach, in addition to the analytical and comparative approach, to give a clear study on the steam bath as one of the health service facilities in the city of Thula.

[1] The system was when the bathroom was limited to receiving women, a handkerchief or a piece of linen cloth was hung at the entrance so that men never set foot on its threshold, and the bathroom workers had left the bathroom a short time ago and the workers replaced them, Khaled Azab, Jurisprudence of Islamic Architecture, Universities Publishing House, Cairo, 1997, p. 89.

[2] -Lucien Golvin, THULA ARCHITECTUTE ET URBANISME D'une cite' De Haute Montagne En Re'publiqe Arabe Du YE'MEN, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris.1984.

The study aimed to identify the impact of intellectual property rights protection on the development of scientific research from the point of view of faculty members and their assistants at Sana'a University, and the extent of their knowledge and application of laws and agreements related to intellectual property rights in their researches and studies. The study used the survey method, and relied on the questionnaire as the main tool for collecting information, in (14) humanities and scientific colleges. The questionnaire was distributed to a random stratified sample of faculty members and their assistants, amounting to (316) members. The study reached several conclusions, including the weakness in activating intellectual property protection laws and agreements at the university; which negatively affects the level of scientific research and its application according to its various fields, and this came at a rate of (54%), and an arithmetic mean of (2.69), It also showed the weak role played by the parties concerned with protecting intellectual property rights in defining intellectual property and its laws and agreements and their important role in its application, whether at the university or related parties, at a rate of (48%) and an arithmetic mean of (2.42). The study came out with a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: the necessity of activating coordination between Sana’a University and the parties concerned with protecting intellectual property and spreading its culture, and defining the laws and agreements stipulated in Yemeni law, and the necessity for the parties concerned with protecting intellectual property in the country and within the university to carry out their duty towards implementing these laws and agreements.

The research aims to define the interpreters and their interpretation, and compare them, as the two interpretations are models for the schools of the East and the West in interpretation. Ibn Atiyah (died 481 AH) represents the Moroccan school (Andalusia), and Al-Baydawi (died 691 AH) represents the Eastern school (Persia). The comparison between them is also considered a comparison between two schools in interpretation.

The research was limited to a model of the verses of rulings in Surat Al-Qasas, to show the points of agreement and difference between the two interpretations of the rulings of Surat Al-Qasas and to highlight what distinguishes each from the other, in order to fulfill the purpose of the research and to avoid prolongation.

The research concluded by mentioning the most important and prominent results as follows:

• Islam is keen on the stability of the Muslim family, because it is the nucleus of the Islamic societal structure and the foundation of the nation, so its rulings avoid everything that could affect this stability.
• Imam Al-Baydawi expanded in the field of personal status more than Imam Ibn Atiyah.

The researcher did not notice what could be considered a fundamental difference between the two schools.

• The researcher did not notice what could be considered a fundamental difference between the two schools.
• The two interpreters followed their own school of thought in the rulings, and sometimes they differed from their school of thought.

The study aimed to identify crisis management according to Imam Al-Maqrizi in his book (Eghathat Al Umma Fi Kashf Al Ghumma), introducing Imam Al-Maqrizi as one of the most prominent Muslim scholars, highlighting his scientific standing, and seeking to find out the book (Eghathat Al Umma Fi Kashf Al Ghumma), and the scientific material it contains, and a statement of the author's approach. The study used a qualitative approach using inductive and deductive content analysis. The study reached many results, the most important of which are: Al-Maqrizi’s contribution to administrative thought, his precedence in establishing many economic theories, his rooting of crises, and his presentation of an analysis of various economic, social, and political phenomena by clarifying their causes and consequences in order to achieve the integrated construction of administrative theory, and Al-Maqrizi’s interest in the economic problems resulting from various crises, studying the phenomena of those crises and tribulations, and identifying their economic and political repercussions, in addition to Al-Maqrizi’s agreement in his book Relief for the Nation by Revealing the Grief in his explanation of the crises and explaining their causes, and detailing their factors and stages of emergence, and the differences in their severity and impact, with modern theories of crisis management.

This research deals with the preparatory work in the crimes of electronic extortion and its rule in Islamic law and Yemeni law, and this research included a preliminary requirement to introduce the preparatory work, and two sections, the first: the rule of relations between the perpetrator and the victim in the preparatory stage of electronic blackmail, and the second: the rule of research or access to electronic extortion materials, the research has concluded several results, most notably that all behaviors and preparatory behaviors in the crimes of electronic extortion lead to corruption and assault on the rights of others forbidden by law and law, and recommended The researcher made several recommendations, the most important of which is to satisfy these modern crimes with more jurisprudential and legal studies to clarify the features of these crimes, and awareness must be spread in societies of the causes of these crimes and the preparatory work that constitutes them, and the jurisprudential and legal provisions resulting from them.

This study, entitled "Commitment to the Laws and Legislation of the homeland: The Manifestations & Effects", aims to highlight the manifestations of commitment to the laws and legislation of the homeland from an inductive reality.

 It is also concerned with presenting evidence and effects that urge commitment to the laws and legislation of the homeland to be analyzed. The descriptive, inductive, and analytical approach has been use by the researcher to present the components of the research according to the academic tradition as well as the nature the research requires. The research consists of two sections and a conclusion.

 In the first section, the most prominent manifestations of commitment to the laws and legislation of the homeland are presented; whereas the second section presents the most prominent effects that urge such a commitment and analyze them.

 The study has been concluded with a conclusion in which the most prominent results and recommendations reached by the researcher are recorded, the most important of which are:

Adherence to the laws of the homeland and its effective and upright legislation is required by Islamic Sharia and logic. This is because applying them achieves honesty and justice, establishes the limits, and the estimated punishments are applied to everyone without discrimination.

 There are many traces that urge adherence to the effective and upright laws of a homeland, that they take various forms in the Islamic intellectual perspective, the most important of which are: glorifying the importance of blood in Islam and calling for its preservation, considering justice as the scale of rights, calling for the fulfillment of contracts and upright contracts according to the principles of Islamic legislation and its directives; prohibiting treachery and betrayal and the societal effects that result from them.

 The findings call for activating the principle of Islamic consultation, being keen to mend the rift and warning against all its preliminaries and causes, controlling the principle of religious freedoms with the controls of the true Sharia, caring for national loyalty based on the principles of the true Islam, and paying much more attention to social solidarity. The research has been also concluded with some recommendations, which are recorded in its conclusion.

This study has addressed the regional and international orientations towards the Red Sea as well as the Yemeni role in the light of the repercussions of the Al-Aqsa Typhoon  which took place on October 7, 2023. The problem of the study was to know the geopolitical importance of the Red Sea region in the international politics, and the most prominent international and regional variables. It also aimed at knowing the Yemeni role in supporting the Palestinian Issue, and the military, economic, commercial and security repercussions it has caused.  The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach to analyze the orientations that contributed to the events of the Red Sea, especially after the Al-Aqsa Typhoon operation. The researcher also used the realistic approach, which focuses on the concepts of power and the national interest. The study was divided into four chapters which discuss the regional and international orientations towards the Red Sea. The results of the study show that the Red Sea enjoys great geopolitical advantages that make it the focus of attention of the influential international powers, led by the United States of America, China and the European countries. In addition to the active regional countries that are competing to achieve control and influence in the service of their interests and ambitions, at the expense of the interests, security and well-being of the people of the region. The Yemeni role was to attack the Israeli interests in the Red Sea and the occupied Palestine, and to confront and confuse them. Attacking the trade that is linked to Israel has positive repercussions in terms of supporting the Palestinian issue.

This research studies a number of plant terms mentioned in the Shams Al-Ulum dictionary. It aims to find out all about those terms, clarifying their meanings, descriptions, benefits, and places of its cultivation mentioned in the dictionary. The descriptive approach was used to analyze this topic, and this research consists of an introduction, a preface, and two sections. The preface studies the characteristics of the Shams Al-Ulum dictionary and includes a definition of plants and their classification. Then, the first section studies plant terms (tree category), whereas the second section studies plant terms (herbs and fruits category). Finally, the conclusion contains a set of results, the most important of which are: Another reason for calling the Shams Al-Ulum dictionary encyclopedic is that it includes a large number of plant terms which we chose for this study. Nashwan Al-Himyari used multiple words while defining the word “plant” (lexical entry), such as “tree,” “plant,” “juice,” and “fruit.” He indicated that some of these lexes belonged to a dialect in Yemen, but he did not mention that while explaining the other lexicons. The results and a list of sources and references have been referred to in this study.

This research aims to reveal the argumentativeness of the rhetorical image in imaginative debates due to its literary and argumentative value, and the ability of this rhetorical technique to present the abstract meaning sensually and visually and to give the discourse of imaginative debates a high degree of influence and persuasion. Based on the descriptive approach and the procedures of the deliberative approach, in analyzing the selected texts, the research will be distributed over three axes preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. Before that, a brief definition of the concepts of the argumentative image and imaginative debates will be addressed. The first axis will include the argumentation of simile, the second the argumentation of metaphor, and the third the argumentation of metonymy. The research concludes with the most prominent results. The research concluded that the rhetorical image with its three mechanisms (simile, metaphor, and metonymy) contributed greatly to clarifying the beauty of the discourse of imaginative debates, played a persuasive and inferential role, and performed several argumentative functions, including clarification, approximation, evaluation, interpretation, negation, and affirmation.

The study aimed to identify the role of Strategic Learning in achieving the Competitive Advantage in Yemeni telecommunications sector. The study used the quantitative approach with its descriptive analytical method and the questionnaire as its tool to collect the study data. The stratified random sampling method was used in this study to select (271) individuals by using Krejcie and Morgan model from the whole study population which were (806) individuals. The study concluded a number of results, the most important of which are: the level of strategic Learning and the Competitive Advantage in Yemeni telecommunications sector came to a fairly high degree, and that there was a statistically significant role of strategic learning on achieving the Competitive Advantage in Yemeni telecommunications sector.

The study aimed to know the leading role in business management from the point of view of administrative leaders in investment institutions in the water sector, a variety of descriptive analytical layers, and to collect active data on the questionnaire tool, and the study community was represented by administrative leaders, and since the size of the community (243) individuals, the comprehensive enumeration method was relied upon, and after analyzing the study data and its hypotheses, the study results reached several distinct results: - The presence of agreement (somewhat high) By the study participants on the availability of regulatory immunity in investment institutions in the water sector, through regulatory immunity obtaining a relative weight (74%), the study also showed the existence of a (somewhat high) degree of approval by the study participants on the availability of crisis management in investment institutions in the water sector, through crisis management obtaining a relative weight (73%). In addition to the existence of a direct (positive) correlation relationship Between the independent variable and the dependent variable, and that there is a statistically significant explanatory relationship for organizational immunity on crisis management, and the study recommended the importance of conducting a future study on: the impact of crisis management on the quality of services in investment institutions in the water sector

The study aimed to identify the level of professional performance of general education school principals, and its relationship to their job satisfaction in the areas of profession

The study aimed to identify the level of professional performance of general education school principals, and its relationship to their job satisfaction in the areas of professional performance: (Planning, decision making, follow-up, and evaluation), areas of job satisfaction: (Nature of work, social interaction, belonging to the profession). In light of the study variables (Gender, type of education, educational qualification). The study sample consisted of (129) male and female managers. They were selected randomly, and the research tool (questionnaire) was developed to achieve the objectives of the study, it included (43) paragraphs distributed over two axes, each axis having three areas, and to ensure its validity and reliability, the study concluded that the general level of professional performance of general education school principals in its three areas is, in order: (4.4244, 4.4228, 4.4182). Their level of job satisfaction in its three areas, in order: (4.1858, 4.1355, 3.7875). There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (a≤0.05) in the areas of professional performance of general education school principals due to the variables of the study. There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance in the level of job satisfaction areas due to the variables of the study. There is a correlation between the level of professional performance of general education school principals and job satisfaction. In light of the results of the study, the study recommended carrying out several activities that lead to increasing job satisfaction, especially in the field of belonging to the profession, developing the professional performance of general education school principals through training them to raise their professional competence.

al performance: (Planning, decision making, follow-up, and evaluation), areas of job satisfaction: (Nature of work, social interaction, belonging to the profession). In light of the study variables (Gender, type of education, educational qualification). The study sample consisted of (129) male and female managers. They were selected randomly, and the research tool (questionnaire) was developed to achieve the objectives of the study, it included (43) paragraphs distributed over two axes, each axis having three areas, and to ensure its validity and reliability, the study concluded that the general level of professional performance of general education school principals in its three areas is, in order: (4.4244, 4.4228, 4.4182). Their level of job satisfaction in its three areas, in order: (4.1858, 4.1355, 3.7875). There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (a≤0.05) in the areas of professional performance of general education school principals due to the variables of the study. There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance in the level of job satisfaction areas due to the variables of the study. There is a correlation between the level of professional performance of general education school principals and job satisfaction. In light of the results of the study, the study recommended carrying out several activities that lead to increasing job satisfaction, especially in the field of belonging to the profession, developing the professional performance of general education school principals through training them to raise their professional competence.

This study aimed to measure the psychological and social effects resulting from not using social media networks during periods of internet outage, using the public survey method and the questionnaire tool on a sample of (216) individuals from social media users, and reached a number of results, the most important of which are:

• The degree of occurrence of psychological effects (positive) resulting from the respondents not using social media networks during the period of internet outage was (medium), and the degree of occurrence of psychological effects (negative) was (low), and the degree of occurrence of both social effects (positive and negative) was (low).
• There is a difference in the degree of occurrence of psychological effects (positive) resulting from the respondents not using social media networks during the period of internet outage, due to the difference in the degree of their use of these networks / the age group of the respondents / the educational level of the respondents / the monthly income level of the respondents.
• There is a difference in the degree of occurrence of psychological (negative) effects resulting from the respondents not using social networking sites during the Internet outage, due to the difference in (rate / degree / intensity) of their use of these networks / type of respondents / educational level of the respondents / monthly income level of the respondents.
• There is a difference in the degree of occurrence of social (positive) effects resulting from the respondents not using social networking sites during the Internet outage, due to the difference in the degree of their use of these networks / monthly income level of the respondents.
• There is a difference in the degree of occurrence of social (negative) effects resulting from the respondents not using social networking sites during the Internet outage, due to the difference in the degree of their use of these networks / age group of the respondents / monthly income level of the respondents.