Sana'a University Journal of Human Sciences

What is the wisdom behind the multiple readings, both conventional and irregular? And what are the effects of grammatical changes?

This is the motivation for studying irregular readings, which is an important issue in grammatical studies, to understand the impact of irregular readings on the multiplicity of meaning, as the grammatical changes that occur in the Arabic sentence in irregular readings have their own connotations and meanings, this issue through the directions broadcast for the affirmative, negative and confirmed nominal sentence in the books of grammar and interpretation using a descriptive approach that examines examples of the anomalous readings that have been mentioned on the example of the nominal sentence, and shows the multiple meanings that arise from it according to the grammatical changes, This depends on examining the deviant reading from several aspects, such as the extent to which grammatical changes affect the multiplicity of meaning, and the extent of the difference and agreement between the directions disseminated in grammar and interpretation books, arriving at a number of results, the most important of which are: It has been shown that the multiplicity of linguistic aspects of the anomalous readings leads to a multiplicity of meanings, which requires the interpreter, linguist, judge, and others to be familiar with them. 

The study aims to explore the role of Yemeni maritime geostrategy in promoting regional integration and achieving national and shared regional maritime security. It seeks to address challenges and security threats arising from U.S. military hegemony and the foreign military activities of international powers in Yemen’s vital maritime domain—the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. The study focuses on the problematic influence of U.S. and foreign naval assets and their threat to local and regional maritime and national security. It adopts methodologies from regional maritime geostrategy، systems theory، international relations، and maritime networks. The study anticipates the potential unification of national and regional maritime geostrategic thought to influence decision-makers in achieving: A unified command and management of Yemeni and Arab comprehensive maritime policy، Regional maritime integration in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)، The development and advancement of the Indian Ocean linkage، The establishment and management of an integrated regional maritime security framework in the EEZ.

The current research aims to investigate the effectiveness of a program based on the Lehman strategy (Think، Pair، Share) in developing critical reading skills among eighth-grade students in the Republic of Yemen. To achieve this goal، an experimental approach was followed. The research sample consisted of 49 students who were randomly divided into two groups. The first group، the experimental group، consisted of 25 students who underwent the Lehman strategy program، while the second group، the control group، consisted of 24 students who did not undergo the program. A list of critical reading skills that should be available to eighth-grade students was prepared، and based on that، a critical reading test was developed and administered to both the experimental and control groups prior to the implementation of the program. Then، a program was prepared، which included a teacher's guide and a student's book. After implementing the program، a post-test for critical reading was administered.

The researcher has reached the following results:

1. There are statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) in the post-test scores between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the overall critical reading skills test، in favor of the experimental group.
2. There are statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) in the post-test scores between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the critical reading skills test، in favor of the experimental group، in terms of the total score for each dimension of critical reading skills.
3. There are statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) in the post-test scores between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the critical reading skills test، in favor of the experimental group، for each individual skill.

This study seeks to provide a practical and theoretical framework about the effect of abusive supervision on workplace deviant behaviors and indirect through organizational cynicism & moral disengagement has been building the theoretical framework, according to the four variables of the study and that its light has been the development of the basic assumptions for this study. And it applied and tested in this study the public health sector in Sudan represented in Dongola Specialized Hospital. The questionnaire was used as data collection method for this study and the sample size was amounted to (170) individuals working in the nursing stuff. The path analysis software (Amos V24) was used to test the hypotheses of the study. The results showed that the direct positive effect (0.499) for abusive supervision on workplace deviant behaviors, and there is positive indirect effect (mediate) (0.590) for abusive supervision on workplace deviant behaviors through the mediating variables organizational cynicism & moral disengagement. In the light of study results, a set of recommendations for the Hospital was suggested to reduce behaviors of abusive supervision, organizational cynicism and moral disengagement, furthermore decrease deviant behaviors in the Hospital.

The aim of the research was to know "the effectiveness of a program based on enrichment activities in developing creative expression skills among students in the last cycle of basic education in the Republic of Yemen." To achieve this goal, the researcher used the quasi-experimental approach to know the effectiveness of the program. The sample consisted of (36) ninth-grade students from Al-Hassan School in the capital, which were chosen intentionally. The sample was divided into two equal groups randomly, one experimental and the other control. The number of students in each group was (18). The research tools were represented in the list of creative written expression skills and the creative written expression skills test. The results of the research for the post-application of the creative expression skills test showed statistically significant differences between the average scores of students in the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group, and also significant differences between the average scores of students in the experimental group in the pre- and post-applications in favor of the post-application.

This study aimed to evaluate the Geography curriculum at the secondary level in the Republic of Yemen.to achieve this, the study adopted the descriptive approach. the study problem is defined in the following question: What are the results of evaluating the Geography curriculum in the secondary stag? After reviewing the educational literature and previous studies, the researcher prepared a list of the criteria that should be named in the Geography curriculum in the secondary stag. Then, it was converted into an arbitration questionnaire that was distributed to faculty members in colleges of education, experts, supervisors, and teachers of the geography supervisors and teachers. The study used frequencies, percentages, averages, and standard deviation. Among the results reached by the study are the following:                                                                                                                                             

The overall average for the degree of availability of the proposed criteria in the geography curriculum books at the secondary level obtained the highest overall average in the first secondary grade book, reaching (27.26) follow by the second secondary grade book with an overall average of (25.65) foll0w by third secondary grade book with an overall average of (25.62). Including international standards in varying and unbalanced proportions in geography books at the secondary level, and their similarities in the general document, the curriculum principles at the secondary level teachers' guides, and geography textbooks. The degree of availability of the proposed standards when evaluating the geography curriculum from the perspective of teachers, supervisors, and experts varied between "good" and "acceptable". The study recommends including international standards in balanced manner in geography books at the secondary level, and encouraging authors of the geography curriculum when developing it by making use of the list of standards and training teachers to employ them in teaching strategies.

 This study aims to investigate the extent of Yemeni external auditors’ knowledge of Artificial Intelligence applications, analyze the impact of their use in improving the quality of auditing . To achieve that, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to a sample of Yemeni auditors, and faculty members from Yemeni Universities. The data were analyzed in SPSS. The results showed that auditors have a moderate to good level of Awareness of AI applications. Moreover, the use of these applications has a significant positive impact on the quality of auditing, through data accuracy, accelerating task completion, improving the quality of audit reports, and supporting professional decisions. And there is revealed significant differences among auditors’ opinions attributed to some demographic variables. The study recommended the training and qualification of auditors, upgrading technological infrastructure, and enacting regulations to organize the use of AI in auditing to enhance the profession’s quality in Yemen.

This study aimed to explore the ethics of university professors in light of Qur’anic guidance, focusing on their definition, importance, the Qur’anic model of these ethics, and practical methods for their development. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach based on analysis and deduction. The study reached several important findings most notably, that the Holy Qur’an presents a comprehensive and integrated system for all aspects of life and serves as a fundamental source of moral values. The concept of the university professor and their role in fulfilling their mission whether in teaching, scientific research, or community service is closely tied to adherence to faith-based and Qur’anic ethics. The declining status of university professors among students is largely attributed to a breakdown in the system of Qur’anic moral values that should govern these relationships. Moreover, the absence of professors who serve as ethical role models has contributed to the rise of negative influences among students and learners. In light of these findings, the study recommends formulating a practical code of ethics for faculty members in institutions of higher education and scientific research, derived from Qur’anic guidance. It also suggests identifying a set of ethical standards and values to be observed when appointing, training, and qualifying faculty members and their assistants. Additionally, it calls for the implementation of academic programs that strengthen professors’ moral responsibility in carrying out their educational and academic duties.

This study aimed to investigate the nature of the relationship between mathematical thinking and social intelligence among mathematics students at the Faculty of Education, Sana’a University. To achieve this aim, a descriptive correlational research design was employed. The study sample consisted of all students enrolled in the Mathematics Department during the 2024–2025 academic year who were present during the administration of the study instruments, totaling 91 students. The researchers developed two instruments: a mathematical thinking scale based on the skills identified by Abu Zeina and Ababneh (2007), and a social intelligence scale grounded in the dimensions proposed by Silvera et al. (2001. (The findings revealed a generally low level of mathematical thinking among the participants, with no statistically significant differences attributable to academic level. In contrast, participants demonstrated a high level of social intelligence. Furthermore, the results showed a very weak negative correlation between mathematical thinking and social intelligence. In light of these findings, the researchers recommended conducting regular training programs and student workshops to enhance mathematical thinking skills.

The study aimed to identify the nature of the relationship between self-compassion and geriatric depression among the elderly in the Secretariat Capital, Sana’a. It sought to determine the levels of self-compassion and depression in the study sample, as well as to analyze any differences in these variables based on gender. The researcher employed a descriptive approach and the sample consisted of (190) elderly, whose ages ranged from 60 to 95, with an average age of (66.04) years and a standard deviation of (7.58). To gather data, the researcher utilized the Self-Compassion Scale developed by Neff (2003) and the Geriatric Depression Scale by Yesavage et al. (1982). The results revealed that the average of self-compassion in the study sample was higher than the hypothetical average, while the average of depression was found to be lower than the hypothetical average. The study sample was distributed into three levels of self-compassion, respectively: high (20.5%), medium (77.4%), and low (2.1%). In terms of depression, the levels were: severe (16.8%), moderate (50.0%), and mild or normal (33.2%). Additionally, a statistically significant inverse relationship was identified between self-compassion and depression, with a correlation coefficient of (-0.57) at a significance level of (0.01) The study concluded that there were statistically significant differences in self-compassion based on gender, favoring males. Conversely, the findings also indicated that there were statistically significant differences in depression according to gender, favoring females.

This study addresses the issue of making up missed prayers (Qadāʾ as-salāh), a subject that highlights the Islamic Shariah،s concern for preserving one of the fundamental pillars of the religion—prayer. The research aims to clarify the concept of making up missed prayers, its status in Islamic jurisprudence, and the detailed rulings related to it. It further explores the diversity of juristic opinions and the variance in scholarly interpretations on this matter. The researcher has gathered relevant jurisprudential rulings and conducted a comparative fiqh analysis across the four Sunni schools as well as the Zaydi and Ja،fari (Imami) schools. Primary sources from Islamic jurisprudence were employed, with legal texts and evidences cited to substantiate the discussion-demonstrating the richness and plurality of Islamic legal thought.

The researcher utilized various scientific research methodologies, including the inductive method to survey the views of scholars on the concept, ruling, and related aspects of missed prayers; the comparative method to contrast juristic perspectives; and the deductive method to derive rulings based on the nature and needs of the topic.

The research is divided into three main sections:

• The first discusses the definition of making up missed prayers.
• The second examines its legal ruling.
• The third outlines how, when, and under what circumstances prayers should be made up, along with related legal issues.

Among the key findings is the obligation to make up missed prayers regardless of whether the prayer was missed due to a valid excuse or not. The research also shows that while some jurists deem maintaining chronological order between missed and current prayers as obligatory, others regard it as recommended. Additionally, the obligation of maintaining this order is waived in cases of forgetfulness, ignorance of its requirement, fear of missing the current prayer due to time constraints, or when there are many missed prayers—though juristic opinions vary in the specifics.

This research addresses the definition of one of the prominent narrators of eloquent Bedouins, Abu al-Ghamr al-Uqayli. It then collects his linguistic narrations, which are scattered without a specific order within Arabic dictionaries and Arab heritage books, comparing and cross-referencing some of them. The study also includes correcting errors, misreadings, and distortions found in these narrations.

The research relies on thoroughly examining these narrations, regardless of their sources, and tracing them from various linguistic, heritage, and non-linguistic sources across different eras. These sources, arranged chronologically, include: Al-Jim by al-Shibani (206 AH), Al-Islah al-Mantiq by Ibn Sikkit (244 AH), Gharib al-Hadith by al-Harrabi (285 AH), Al-Bar' fi al-Lugha by Abu Ali al-Qali (356 AH), Al-Tahdhib by Al-Azhari (370 AH), Al-Sihah by Al-Jawhari (393 AH), Al-Bawarez wa al-Dakhā’ir by Al-Tawhidi (around 400 AH), Kitab al-Af'al by Ibn al-Haddad (after 400 AH), Al-Fusus by Saad al-Ruba'i (417 AH), Al-Mukhasas by Ibn Sīdeh (458 AH), Al-Abab al-Zakhir by Al-Saghani (650 AH), Lisan al-Arab by Ibn Manzur (711 AH), and Taj al-‘Urous by Zabidi (1205 AH). Most of the narrations were collected from Al-Jim and Al-Islah al-Mantiq.

These narrations were carefully compiled and organized alphabetically in a comprehensive linguistic dictionary, covering all that has been documented. This effort will provide researchers with accessible means to gather the narrations of the eloquent Bedouin narrators, many of which have not received proper attention, collection, or study. This foundation will enable further linguistic and critical research and benefit from their content.

This research aims to examine the provisions of armed conflicts and their types in Islamic law. It addresses the concept of conflicts and synonyms for the term armed conflict, as well as the situations in which such conflicts occur according to a legitimate perspective. These situations include repelling aggression, breaching covenants and agreements, and calling to Islam and securing it from sedition. It also addresses humanitarian rules in the event of armed conflicts, including the protection of Covenant People, killing messengers, granting security to people at war land, also prohibiting the mutilation of prisoners, and preventing retaliation, revenge, and retaliation against enemies. It also addresses the types of armed conflicts, including: fighting aggressors, jihad against infidels, polytheists, hypocrites, apostates, and bandits.

the researcher used the inductive and analytical methodology, gathering information related to the research topic, starting with the Holy Qur'an and then the Sunnah by referring to interpretation, hadith books, and Islamic jurisprudence books.

The research reached several conclusions and recommendations.

The study aimed to reveal the relationship between academic adjustment and values among students in the final cycle of basic education in the capital, Sana'a. The study used the descriptive correlational approach, and a random cluster sample of (1200) male and female students was selected. The study included two scales: the academic adjustment scale and the values scale (prepared by the researcher). To process the data, the researcher used arithmetic means, standard deviations, a t-Test for one sample, a t-Test for two independent samples, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. The results indicated that the level of academic adjustment was high, with a mean score of (99.114), and the level of values was also high, with a mean score of (122.214). The findings also showed statistically significant differences in values in favor of females, with a mean score of (124.890), and in academic adjustment also in favor of females, with a mean score of (101.030).

Moreover, the results revealed a strong positive correlation between academic adjustment and values, with a correlation coefficient of (0.896).

In light of the findings, the researcher provided a set of recommendations

The study aimed to identify the impact of organizational factors in their dimensions (administrative leadership, organizational culture, human resources) on the practice of strategic planning in Yemeni private universities. The study adopted the descriptive approach, and the questionnaire was used as a study tool. The study population consisted of more than 50% of Yemeni private universities that were established more than (20) years ago and whose main headquarters is the capital, Sana'a. The study sample consisted of (4) universities selected using a simple random method, from which (159) individuals were selected using a facilitated random method. The study reached several results, the most prominent of which are: the level of effectiveness of organizational factors and the level of strategic planning practice in Yemeni private universities is high. The results also revealed a statistically significant positive impact of organizational factors and their dimensions on the practice of strategic planning in Yemeni private universities, with the most influential being the human resources dimension. The study recommended several recommendations, the most prominent of which are: enhancing the sustainability of the effectiveness of organizational factors (administrative leadership, organizational culture, human resources), and paying attention to the practice of strategic planning in Yemeni private universities due to its importance in improving performance.

This study aims to trace the routes of Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī’s two journeys to Yemen, analyzing their motives and their impact on his scholarly formation. It highlights the scholars he met, the intellectual centers he visited, and the role of these journeys in strengthening academic ties between Egypt and Yemen. The research employs the historical descriptive–analytical method.

Main findings:

The study reveals that Ibn Ḥajar’s scholarly motives intersected with commercial interests during his two journeys, and that Rasulid Yemen provided a vibrant intellectual environment marked by tension between jurists and monist Sufis. The journeys mainly revolved around Zabīd, Taʿizz, and ʿAdan, where Ibn Ḥajar met leading Yemeni figures such as al-Majd al-Fayrūzābādī, al-Nafīs al-ʿAlawī, Ibn al-Khayyāṭ, al-Maqrī, and the Rasulid sultan.

The trips yielded reciprocal transmission of ḥadīth permissions and audition certificates, and saw the beginning of his compilation al-Majmaʿ al-Muʾassis in ʿAdan. Their influence is reflected in Fatḥ al-Bārī and other works, through his broader and more appreciative perspective on the Zaydis and their imams. The journeys deepened Ibn Ḥajar’s scholarly network, expanded his critical outlook, and created an important intellectual bridge between Egypt and Yemen that underscores their enduring civilizational connection.

Key recommendations:

To conduct a comparative study between Ibn Ḥajar’s writings on Yemeni Zaydism and the sectarian polemics of modern times; to undertake rigorous academic studies on the historical and cultural relations between Yemen and Egypt and their mutual impact; and to compile a biographical lexicon (database) of all the scholars Ibn Ḥajar encountered in Yemen.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of specific training exercises on improving certain physical abilities among junior handball players. The research sample consisted of ten (10) junior players from Shabab Rakhma Club, selected intentionally, all under the age of 17. The researchers adopted the experimental method using a one-group pre-test and post-test design, as it is appropriate for the nature of the study. The training program lasted for 12 weeks, with three training sessions per week. The findings indicated that the training program led to improvements in several physical abilities, including speed, agility, strength, speed-strength, flexibility, and stretching. The researchers recommended that coaches place greater emphasis on using specific physical tests when assessing junior athletes, and carefully consider the types of exercises included in training programs to enhance the physical performance of junior players, particularly in the sport of handball.

The research addressed the rules of preference related to the Quranic readings according to Al-Hakim Al-Jashmi, due to their great importance in preferring between the different interpretations of the commentators on a single verse, using the inductive, comparative, and historical method.

The aim of this research is to demonstrate Al-Hakim Al-Jashmi’s approach to weighing up conflicting interpretive opinions, by reviewing five diverse rules of weighing up, and to determine the extent to which he agrees or disagrees with other interpreters, both ancient and modern.

The most important finding of the researcher was that Al-Hakim Al-Jashmi had a great position among the men of the Mu'tazila classes as a great interpreter, and this is evident from his great interest in the various Quranic readings in his interpretation and his reasoning with them, and his guidance of them. The Quranic readings in Al-Hakim Al-Jashmi's interpretation represented one of the rules of preference between the different sayings of the people of interpretation in some verses in which the sayings of the interpreters varied.

This research aims at introducing Judge Bahnan and explaining (two chapters of the Sunnah of Abu Dawud by Judge Bahnan, from the Book of Jihad: On the preference of dhikr in the way of Allah, the Almighty and the Almighty, and Bab: The research aims to highlight the efforts of Allamah Bahnan through what he wrote in his commentary on the Sunnah of Abu Dawud.  

The methodology followed in the research is to attribute the Qur'anic verses to their suras, and to summarize the hadiths in the manuscript, and what is mentioned in the two Sahihs is sufficient, and what is outside them, I add to that the judgment of the hadith, relying on specialists, and documenting quotes and quotations from their places.

The research was limited to two research topics: Introducing Qadi Bahnan and his book Nil al-Maqsood, Commentary on the Sunnah of Abu Dawad: (Chapter: On the Preference of Dhikr in the Cause of Allah, the Almighty, and Chapter: Whoever dies as a ghazi).  

The research concluded with some of the most prominent results:

Qadi Bahnan's interest in his book Nil al-Maqsood and bringing it out in a manner worthy of the knowledge it contains.

This book contains many diverse jurisprudential issues and various benefits, including: Mentioning the hadith followed by a translation of the men of the chain, attributing the hadith to its sources, mentioning the words included in the narration followed by attribution, judging the hadith, dealing with the meanings of strange words, and listing the opinions of jurists on the issues included in the hadith, so it is more like an encyclopedia of jurisprudential knowledge.

This study investigates the discoursal functions of English and Yemeni-Arabic idioms common in oral interactions and storytelling, providing a descriptive account of the data to highlight any cross-linguistic similarities and differences between these functions. Results reveal that many idioms in the two languages in question have similar discourse functions and patterns (praise, criticism, description, etc.). People of the two cultures tend to employ similar strategies to convey their reactions (e.g. silence, laugh, annoyance) towards idioms, and all this seems to be influenced both by the type of relationship between the interaction participants (familiarity vs. unfamiliarity) and by the type of the context of situation (formal vs. informal). As for the use of idioms in the codas of stories or casual conversations, the two cultures both employ them in more or less the same way using either observation-comment or event-evaluation clustering. Some English idioms and Yemeni-Arabic ones differ in terms of some of their component words, and others are quite similar. One of the remarkable distinctions between the English and Yemeni-Arabic idioms is the use of animal names and the intended connotations behind that use.

Children’s literature functions as a critical medium for engaging young readers with real-world challenges and the transformative power of literacy. This paper examines two children picture books by Jeanette Winter, namely The Librarian of Basra (2005) and Nasreen's Secret School (2009), both of which portray literacy as a tool of empowerment and resistance in conflict zones. Set against the backdrops of the Iraq War and Taliban-ruled Afghanistan, these two works center on individuals defying systematic oppression to safeguard education and knowledge. Despite their distinct settings, both stories portray the notion of literacy as a cornerstone of empowerment. Drawing on Freire’s (1970) conceptualization of education as a liberatory praxis, Vygotsky’s (1978) sociocultural theories of learning, Bishop’s (1990) framework of literature as “mirrors, windows, and sliding glass doors,” and through close textual and visual analysis, this paper analyses how Winter’s narratives construct literacy as a fundamental human right and a catalyst for social change. Additionally, it examines how Winter’s portrayals of the protagonists’ actions, along with the broader sociopolitical contexts in which they operate, serve to elevate the importance of education—even at great personal risk. Ultimately, this study asserts that Winter’s poignant portrayal of these struggles tends to amplify marginalized voices, inspiring young readers to recognize and defend the transformative power of literacy.

Legal translation between English and Arabic is a complex process requiring linguistic proficiency as well as a deep understanding of legal systems and cultural contexts. While existing research on legal translation has focused on semantic and syntactic issues, broader cultural and systemic factors affecting processes and products in legal translation remain underexplored. This study therefore attempts to address this gap by analyzing the lexical and syntactic features of English and Arabic legal texts, identifying translation challenges, and proposing strategies to improve legal translation quality. Using a qualitative, descriptive, and comparative approach, the study examines a diverse corpus of legal texts, including contracts, statutes, and court rulings.

The findings reveal significant differences between English and Arabic legal texts in terms of lexical and syntactic structures, particularly in the use of archaic terms, binomial expressions, and passive constructions. Cultural and systemic factors (i.e. the influence of Islamic law in Arabic legal discourse) further complicate translation. The study concludes that a balanced approach, integrating linguistic accuracy with cultural adaptation, is essential for effective legal translation. Practical recommendations are also suggested for translators, educators, and policymakers to enhance translation quality.

It is hoped that this research can be a useful contribution to Translation Studies, as it offers a structured framework for better understanding and addressing the complexities of Arabic-English legal translation, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary knowledge and further research.

The aim of this paper is to uncover women discrimination by men which happened in I Am Malala. Pakistani woman has distinctive rights in religion and culture, where woman got the lower right. This paper utilizes an anthropological and feminist perspective using Koentjaraningrat’s cultural theory 2002. The result of this paper is that there is a difference in treatment of man and woman especially in the religious and cultural system. It is widely acknowledged that woman has been subject to cultural discrimination, and denial of their fundamental religious rights throughout the world. Muslim woman, in particular, has been subject to the tensions between Modernism and misinterpretation of woman’s right in Islam, and some Islamic scholars have begun to recognize the emergence of a distinct branch of feminism, known as Islamic feminism. Activists have sought to advance the cause of woman within the framework of Islam. One prominent advocate of this cause is the Nobel Peace Prize-winner Malala Yousafzai. This paper seeks to identify the religious right and cultural discrimination faced by woman in Pakistan, particularly when a girl child is born. Gender cultural discrimination continues to exist in Pakistan society, and many women are the victims of gender religious right misinterpretation and cultural discrimination, particularly in rural areas, where it has a significant effect on their treatment. Woman is still being discriminated against, which has a direct impact on their empowerment. Inequalities play a significant role in Pakistan society.

The present study is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of using the meta-cognitive strategies on Yemeni second-year university EFL students’ writing performance. It explored if there is a significant relationship between second-year students’ use of the meta-cognitive strategies and their writing performance. To achieve the objectives of the study and answer the research questions, the researchers adopted the quantitative approach with an experimental design. The study sample consisted of 60 EFL students from Sana’a University. They were equally divided into two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group was taught writing skills using the meta-cognitive strategies, and the control group was taught writing skills using a product approach. The data were collected using pre- and post-tests to determine students’ performance in terms of writing skills. Results show that the total mean scores among the participants were 22.33 based on a five-point Likert scale. Furthermore, the results reveal that there were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the four domains in the posttest in favor of the experimental group. This study ends with some recommendations for the university EFL learners in Yemen and presents some suggestions for further research.

This paper investigates the syntactic aspects of negation in the Sana'ani dialect (SD), focusing on the system of negation and the use of different negation markers based on their contexts. The paper thus aims to highlight the diverse syntactic structures of negation markers in this dialect. The paper also studies the distinctive roles of the negation markers ‘ma’ and ‘-sh’: ‘ma’ functions as the head of the Negation Phrase (NegP), while ‘-sh’ operates as a clitic occupying the specifier position within a related NegP. Thus, two NegP positions in the Sana’ani dialect can be identified — one above the Tense Phrase (TP) and another below it. Furthermore, the paper distinguishes variations in the negation system based on clause type and other syntactic features. It is hoped that the paper can help provide a clearer understanding of how negation is expressed in the Sana'ani dialect and how this dialect is different from and similar to other Arabic dialects.