Sana'a University Journal of Human Sciences

هدفت الدراسة إلى تحديد أثر الإدارة الإلكترونية للموارد البشرية بأبعادها (الإدارة الإلكترونية لمعلومات الموارد البشرية، التوظيف الإلكتروني، التدريب الإلكتروني، الإدارة الإلكترونية للأداء، الإدارة الإلكترونية للتعويضات) في تحقيق الميزة التنافسية في الجامعات اليمنية الخاصة، واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الكمي وفق أسلوبي المسح الوصفي والارتباطي الوصفي، واعتمدت على الاستبيان كأداة رئيسة لجمع البيانات، وتكون مجتمع الدراسة من (548) مفردة، تمثل (14) جامعة يمنية خاصة، وبلغ عدد أفراد العينة المستهدفة (500) مفردة، وتم اعتماد (419) استبيانًا صالحًا للتحليل بنسبة (83.8%)، وقد تم معالجة البيانات إحصائيًا بواسطة برنامج IBM SPSS 28.0، وتم إجراء النمذجة البنائية SEM باستخدام IBM SPSS AMOS 27.0.

وتوصلت الدراسة إلى عدد من الاستنتاجات أهمها: - وجود أثر إيجابي قوي ذو دلالة إحصائية لتطبيق الإدارة الإلكترونية للموارد البشرية في تحقيق الميزة التنافسية في الجامعات اليمنية الخاصة،- وجود أثر إيجابي ذو دلالة إحصائية لبُعد الإدارة الإلكترونية لمعلومات الموارد البشرية وبُعد التدريب الإلكتروني في تحقيق الميزة التنافسية في الجامعات اليمنية الخاصة، - عدم وجود أثر معنوي لأبعاد التوظيف الإلكتروني والإدارة الإلكترونية للتعويضات والإدارة الإلكترونية للأداء في تحقيق الميزة التنافسية في الجامعات اليمنية الخاصة.

وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة التوعية بأهمية إدارة الموارد البشرية وبأثرها على الأداء العام، وضرورة الاهتمام بتطبيق ممارسات الإدارة الإلكترونية للموارد البشرية، لما لها من أثر كبير في تطوير الأداء العام وتحسين الخدمات وزيادة القدرات التنافسية للجامعات

This research aims to provide a scientific foundation for the discipline of *Usul al-Fiqh* (Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence) by referring to the two primary sources of Islamic law: the Book of Allah (the Qur’an) and the Sunnah of His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him and his family). The study adopts an inductive and descriptive methodology, analyzing the evidence to achieve its objectives.

The research is divided into two main sections. The first discusses the origins of *Usul al-Fiqh*, which began with the divine legislation of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) and continued through the eras of the Companions and the Successors. The second section explores the development of *Usul al-Fiqh* and the stages it underwent, highlighting the contributions of various jurisprudential schools that played a role in its evolution from the second to the fourth Islamic centuries. The study also examines the expansion and flourishing of *Usul al-Fiqh*, reaching its peak across different jurisprudential schools during these centuries.

The research concludes with key findings, the most important of which are:

- The primary factors influencing the emergence and development of *Usul al-Fiqh* were the need for foundational principles that serve as tools enabling jurists to understand textual evidence and derive legal rulings with ease.

- The efforts and contributions of scholars during the first four Islamic centuries were pivotal in advancing this discipline.

- The foundational principles derived from the Qur’an and the purified Sunnah formed the core of *Usul al-Fiqh* and laid the groundwork for its development

This study aimed to identify the level of using Classroom Questions according to their purposes among Islamic Education Teachers in secondary Schools in the Capital Secretariat, Sana'a, and to determine whether there are statistically significant differences in the average level of their use based on the variables of gender, qualification, teaching experience, and type of school. The researcher adopted the analytical descriptive approach and designed a questionnaire to collect the necessary data for the study. The questionnaire consisted of 24 items and was applied to a sample of Islamic education teachers in public and private secondary schools, totaling 220 male and female teachers in the second semester of the academic year 2024/2025. The results of the study showed that the level of using classroom questions for their purposes among the study sample was "high," with an arithmetic mean of 3.90 and a relative weight of 77.92%. The results also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in the average level of using classroom questions among Islamic education teachers based on the variables of gender, qualification, teaching experience, or type of school. In light of these findings, the study recommended the importance of providing sufficient opportunities to train student teachers in education preparation programs at the Faculty of Education on classroom questioning skills through micro-teaching and practical education. It also recommended conducting training courses for in-service teachers to train them on the use of classroom questions.

The study aimed to analyze the challenges facing volunteer work in local organizations in Sana’a, focusing on the factors affecting its sustainability and effectiveness. It adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, collecting data through an electronic questionnaire targeting 126 volunteers from 15 local organizations, with data analysis conducted using the SPSS program.

The study found that the absence of legal frameworks protecting volunteers, the lack of financial incentives, weak societal awareness, and the absence of clear organizational plans are among the main obstacles limiting the sustainability of volunteer work. It recommended developing policies to safeguard volunteers' rights, providing financial and moral incentives, promoting a culture of volunteerism through media and education, and improving organizational management to ensure the continuity and efficiency of volunteer efforts. This study contributes to offering practical solutions to enhance the role of volunteerism in sustainable development

This research aimed to determine the level of knowledge of coffee farmers and its Relationship With the most Important Production Variabies, and to determine the correlation between the level of knowledge and the independent variables studied of the respondents.

The sample included 151 respondents, representing 30% of the study population. Data was collected through personal interviews using a questionnaire form in four districts in Dhamar Governorate. The following statistical methods were used: frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean, and Pearson correlation coefficient.

The results showed that (51.7%) of the respondents had an average level of knowledge, while (31.8%) had a high level. The results also showed that there is a positive significant correlation between the coffee farmers’ level of knowledge about and its Relationship With the most Important Production Variabies and the independent variables: (Educational level, monthly income, coffee-grown holding, production, productivity per unit area, and degree of use of agricultural information sources.

The researcher recommended taking the necessary solutions to the respondent's problems in the field of coffee cultivation, as well as implementing guidance and training programs to provide farmers with new knowledge on how to increase productivity of the coffee crop

This study aimed to determine the impact of strategic human resource management with its dimensions (training strategy, recruitment strategy, compensation strategy, employee empowerment strategy, career path strategy) on competitive advantage in private universities in Yemen's capital, Sana'a. The study targeted, through a comprehensive survey, all employees from the senior leadership in private universities in the capital (university presidents, their deputies, general directors, their assistants, department managers, and heads of technical departments through whom competitive advantage is achieved). The total study population was 1,343 individuals, with 300 questionnaires distributed and 268 questionnaires analyzed. The study followed a descriptive analytical approach, and data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The structural equation modeling was performed using Partial Least Squares (Smart-PLS-SEM). The study reached several findings, the most important of which is the positive impact of human resource management strategies on achieving competitive advantage in the private universities of the study area. There is also significant interest in managing strategic human resources in all its dimensions and enhancing this practice using modern scientific methods to achieve the goals of private universities, as well as the necessity of encouraging employee participation in decision-making and providing satisfactory incentives to motivate them towards creativity

This research aims to introduce the Imams (Shawkani and Alusi) and their books, know their methods, know the aspects of agreement and differences between them within the limits of research, and highlight the significance of the observed Exoteric and its impact on giving preponderance in the Arabic language at the imams through their books. The researcher used the analytical inductive approach, historical and comparative approach as required by the nature of the research. The most important motives for writing this paper were that the Shawkani and Alusi imams are late interpreters, and this is important. They combined Authenticity and Modernity interpretation with the desire to engage in comparative interpretation, especially with regard to the linguistic aspect, because of the diversity of benefits, despite the different styles of each interpreter, and to enrich the Islamic Library with the views presented by these two distinguished scholars in the field of Exoteric Interpretation with regard to the linguistic aspect and the renewal of interpretation. The fact that the significance of the Exoteric (Al-Zahir) was not preceded by anyone according to my knowledge, especially when these two imams (the study resources). The research was divided into two enquiries: The first enquiry included the definition of the two Imams: (Shoukani and Alusi), and the definition of their interpretation, and their methodology in the interpretation. The second enquiry included the significance of the observed exoteric and its impact on giving preponderance in the Arabic language in the first half of the Holy Quran.

This research discussed the study of the psychological phenomenon of legal regulation, which is studied by legal psychology, as a composite phenomenon of two phenomena: the first is the psychological phenomenon, and the second is the legal phenomenon. The study of this complex phenomenon is studied and known under the name of legal psychology, which studies the psychological aspects of legal behavior, which helps the quality of legal work, whether in its regulatory aspect or in the legal protection aspect

The interpretation of the Holy Quran is one of the most important and greatest sciences, as the interpreters seek to reveal the secrets of the Book of Allah and its great meanings. Among these scholars is Yahya bin al-Qasim bin Amr al-Alawi, known as (al-Fadil al-Yamani), who was distinguished by his thorough investigation of the connotations of words and their linguistic structures. The study aimed to introduce al-Fadil al-Yamani and his footnote, with the verification of Surat Saba'. The researcher used the historical descriptive approach in the study, and the inductive approach in the verification section, then presented a model of the full verification of Surat Saba'.

This manuscript is based on tracking the statements of al-Zamakhshari and what he mentioned in his interpretation "al-Kashshaf", and clarifying the most precise problems through the induction of the text and the deduction of linguistic connotations. Al-Fadil used the sciences of grammar, morphology, and rhetoric, and he chose what needs explanation, clarification, and commentary, which he expressed in his introduction "Durr al-Asdaf fi Hall 'Aqd al-Kashshaf". The study recommends collecting, studying, and verifying the grammatical and rhetorical opinions in the footnote of "Durr al-Asdaf".

This scientific research aims to clearly identify what has been mentioned in the noble hadiths regarding the issue and concept of "innovation in religion" (Ihdath). This is achieved by inductively examining relevant hadiths, followed by a descriptive and analytical reading, akin to a simple interpretation of various religious texts and noble hadiths that address the issue of innovation in religion. Innovation here refers to altering and changing the religion, establishing new matters that are not part of it, and attributing them to it. The research begins by discussing the concept of innovation and its rejection in religion, as well as its relationship with concepts such as fitnah (strife) and bid'ah (heresy). It then moves on to review texts that highlight the status of the Ahl al-Bayt (the family of the Prophet, peace be upon them) and the importance of their role in embodying true Islam. The research also examines examples of innovations attributed to Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan according to hadith and historical texts. Finally, the research discusses the hadiths of the Hawd (the Basin) and their relationship to the issue of innovation.

The research concludes that innovation is a problem that arises from within the Islamic community and that the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) fortified religion and society by emphasizing adherence to the Quran and the Ahl al-Bayt. The hadiths of the Hawd, in general, refer to a group of Muslims who committed innovation in religion.

Among the recommendations of the research is that the concept of innovation still requires further refinement and a broader explanation of its details. Additionally, there is a need to address hadiths related to creed (aqidah) with the same objectivity as hadiths related to jurisprudence (fiqh)

This research aims to explore the concept of Ihsan and its connection to the purpose of preserving religion from the perspective of self-annihilation (Fana'). This is to demonstrate the comprehensiveness of Ihsan and its relation to all aspects of life. The preservation of religion through self-annihilation is achieved by individuals, society, and the state. The study employs an inductive, analytical, and jurisprudential approach focused on purposes (Maqasidi) to analyze the elements of the subject. It explains the ultimate goal of Ihsan towards religion, which increases the reader's faith, satisfaction in their conscience, love for the Sharia, steadfastness, and adherence to their religion, making them proud and honored by it. Ihsan is a noble trait that Muslims should embody throughout their lives and adhere to in all their affairs. It is essential for every educator, preacher, and teacher of good to possess this commendable quality, as it elevates anyone who adopts it and diminishes anyone who neglects it.

  This research collects, studies, and analyzes adverbs of time and place in Yemeni dialects to understand their linguistic origins and connotations. It aims to clarify their practical meanings, linguistic roots, and variations across dialects. Driven by the prevalence and diversity of these adverbs in everyday Yemeni life, the study employs direct auditory collection from diverse environments and consults Arabic lexicons. Using an inductive and descriptive-analytical approach, the research is divided into sections on adverbs of time and place. Key findings highlight the diversity and regional variation of these adverbs, their similarities across many dialects, and their classical Arabic origins with phonetic and morphological changes over time.

This research aims to shed light on the suffering of women during armed conflicts and provide a comprehensive overview of the general rules for their protection under international humanitarian law. The research reviews the rules for the protection of women as combatants and civilians, as well as the special protection for pregnant and breastfeeding women. A descriptive approach will be used to achieve these goals. The research findings indicate that international humanitarian law, represented by the Geneva Conventions, emphasizes the importance of protecting women during armed conflicts by providing special rules that protect them from violations. The Geneva Conventions also highlight the need to provide special facilities for female prisoners, and the need to take strict measures to criminalize violations, especially violence. We highlight a set of important recommendations, including: strengthening domestic and international laws to protect women during conflicts, establishing special safety zones, and providing specialized healthcare for pregnant women and mothers of children. Finally, it is important to raise awareness and educate about women's rights in conflicts at all levels.

The study aimed at analysis the morphometric characteristics of the Western Wadi Al-Boun Basin and highlighting its hydrological indicators. As well as building a digital database using Geographic Information Systems and relying on the Digital Elevation Model and standard mathematical equations The Western Wadi Al-Boun Basin is one of the seasonal runoff valleys that are famous for agriculture in the Amran Governorate, covering an area of approximately (193km²). Through hydrological analysis of the study area within a (GIS) environment and the application of morphometric mathematical equations, the study concluded that the basin tends to have a rectangular shape with an asymmetrical perimeter. The circularity ratio, elongation ratio, form factor, and compactness coefficient were found to be (0.40, 0.63, 0.32, 1.57) respectively, indicating hydrologically a medium surface runoff velocity and high water loss, which reduces the significance of flooding in the region. The basin is characterized by high slope and ruggedness, with a ruggedness index of (25.10 m/km). The hypsometric integral and ruggedness values suggest that the basin is in the early stages of its erosional cycle. The analysis of the drainage network indicated that the basin is of the fifth order, consisting of (395) streams with a total length of (349.3 km). The bifurcation ratio was (3.44), indicating a low drainage density. The values for linear drainage density, stream frequency, and stream maintenance were (1.80 km/km², 2.04 streams/km², 0.55 km²/km) respectively, reflecting the influence of climatic factors, rock type, and vegetation cover on the basin's morphometric characteristics

This study aimed to identify the impact of implementing the Theory of Constraints (TOC) in enhancing the Strategic Role of Balanced Scorecard (BSC) in the Yemeni Telecommunications Sector. The study population consisted of 605 elements: supervisory leaders in the Yemeni Telecommunications Sector, including the Chairman of the Board, Board Members, General Managers, Deputy General Managers, Executive Managers, Department Managers, and Department Heads. The study employed a descriptive-analytical research methodology, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument. A quota sampling technique was selected as the most appropriate method to achieve the study's objectives. Based on Stephen Thompson's formula, the sample size was determined to be 235 subjects. A total of 240 questionnaires were distributed to Yemeni telecommunications companies that had implemented the Balanced Scorecard (the Public Telecommunications Corporation and Yemen Mobile Company). Of these, 229 questionnaires were successfully retrieved and subjected to statistical analysis. The study revealed significant findings, notably a statistically significant impact (α ≥ 0.05) of implementing the Theory of Constraints (TOC) and its dimensions (constraint identification, exploitation, subordination, elevation, and repetition) on enhancing the Strategic Role of Balanced Scorecard (BSC) within the Yemeni telecommunications sector. Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, several key recommendations emerge. Most notably, Yemeni telecommunications companies should prioritize the implementation of the Theory of Constraints to significantly enhance the Strategic Role of Balanced Scorecard. Moreover, it is imperative for these companies to integrate social and environmental perspective into the Balanced Scorecard

The current study aimed to identify the quality of educational services at Sana،a University based on SERVPERF scale. The population of study was 10728 male and female students and study sample was consisted of 400 male and female students who were selected using a stratified random sampling method. The study used the descriptive analytic research method and used the questionnaire as data collection tool. After verifying the validity and reliability of the study tool، the results were analyzed via the SPSS program. The study concluded that the dimension of tangibility was 3.38. With a standard deviation of 0.75، it came in second place after reliability، with an arithmetic mean of 3.29  and with a standard deviation of 0.75، the safety domain came in third،with a mean of 3.17 and a standard deviation of 0.83، and it came in last place after empathy، with a mean of 2.99 and a standard deviation of 0.89، Overall، the quality of services had at a medium level

This study aimed to identify the Public Authority for Zakat and its role in combating poverty in Yemen during the war and siege period, as the importance of the study stems in that it helps in determining the steps to activate Zakat programs, which are to reduce poverty and reduce unemployment rates, and the possibility of redistributing income and wealth. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach through the questionnaire that was developed for this purpose, and it also relied on the secondary data collected from the various departments of the authority at the level of its work and its poverty control plan. A random sample of (167) participants from administrators employed in the authority were taken according to the degrees and jobs. The results showed the stability of the measurement tool, as the trends of workers in the commission were positive towards combating poverty despite the circumstances of the war and the siege imposed on Yemen, and that the authority can provide many projects, economic empowerment and achieve leadership, but they need more directives and fatwas with competence freely to achieve poverty in Yemen. There was a difference in the directions of the respondents/ based on qualification and efficiency. The results indicated that there is a difference in the field of qualification and efficiency for the staff of the authority in knowing many legal aspects and their lack of more qualification, training and efficiency. The study recommended that the authority must activate the aspect of scientific research Academic studies at the Authority's Studies and Research Center to provide the authority with studies that enable it to achieve poverty without great obstacles

The current research aims to determine the role of transformational leadership with its dimensions (ideal influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individual considerations, empowerment) in achieving competitive advantage with its dimensions (quality, cost, flexibility, delivery) in private hospitals in the capital Sana'a under research, Through a comprehensive survey, all employees from senior leadership (administrative, medical, technical) in private hospitals (under research) were targeted. The total research community was (251) leader. The descriptive analytical approach was used, and the questionnaires valid for analysis were (231) questionnaire. After conducting the data analysis process, the study reached the following results: The level of availability of transformational leadership dimensions in private hospitals in the capital Sana'a from the point of view of workers in general was high, as the arithmetic mean was (5.40) with a standard deviation of (1.038), and a percentage of (76.9%). The level of availability of competitive advantage dimensions in private hospitals in the capital Sana'a, from the point of view of workers in general was high, as the arithmetic mean was (5.60). With a standard deviation of (1.034), and a percentage of (80.0%), the results of the research also showed that there is a statistically significant effect on the overall level of transformational leadership in competitive advantage, where the administrative empowerment dimension was the most influential in competitive advantage, and the individual considerations dimension was the least influential. The research presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which is increasing attention to the transformational leadership style for its role in achieving competitive advantage in Private hospitals concerned.

This paper is aimed primarily at investigating the position of pragmatic competence in the five main models of communicative competence and its significant role in English language teaching. Pragmatic competence, as defined by LoCastro (2012: 307), is the "knowledge that influences and constrains speakers’ choices regarding the use of language in socially appropriate ways” and plays a vital role in cross-cultural communication. In the past few decades, the notion of pragmatic competence has attracted attention and gained in importance in terms of EFL teaching. All this has led to a shift from traditional language teaching approaches that focus on the linguistic forms rather than the pragmatic functions of sentences to communicative approaches that give priority to the functional aspects of language and thus aim to enable L2 learners to use that language effectively and appropriately as is required by the context where a given interaction is taking place. The usage of English, like that of any other language, is dictated by its own contextual norms, be it textual or socio-cultural ones. Thus, EFL learners need to be familiar with those norms should they want to avoid misunderstandings when communicating with native speakers. That is, effective and appropriate use of English necessitates the development of learners’ pragmatic competence to ensure a proficient use of it.

War has been a persistent phenomenon throughout human history. The effects of this phenomenon are devastating and extend well beyond the battlefield to include the loss of thousands of lives, physical harm, psychological trauma, displacement of countless numbers of people, and destruction of entire communities. The topic of war has thus become a central theme for poets, novelists and other men of letters trying to portray the horrors and dire consequences of armed conflicts, as well as the strength of the human soul. The present study is aimed at exploring the theme of war in poetry across cultures. To this end, two poems (i.e. Mahmoud Darwish's "To Our Land" and Wilfred Owen's "Strange Meeting") are selected to be analyzed and compared in terms of their themes and stylistic devices. The paper thus seeks to provide an in-depth understanding of the poets' perceptions of war and the cultural and historical contexts that appear to have shaped them, with a special focus on certain issues such as identity loss, displacement, and reconciliation. The results indicate that both poems, despite their different backgrounds, portray a common human experience of war and its emotional impact on all sections of society

The current research aimed to examine the impact of the business strategies and its dimensions (cost, leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and focus strategy) on the organizational performance in the public and private universities in Yemen.

The study used a quantitative research approach which applied a structured questionnaire to collect the data from the respondents. The current study targeted the academic and administrative leaders in the public and private universities in Sana’a city, the capital of Yemen. A total of (384) survey questionnaires were distributed and only (326) questionnaires were received with (309) valid for analysis. The data was analyzed by using IBM SPSS statistics software, version 28.

The results of the study show that there is a high level of application of the business strategies and high level of the organizational performance in public and private universities in Yemen. The results of the study also show that there are positive and significant impact of the dimensions of the business strategies (cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and focus strategy) on the organizational performance in public and private universities in Yemen.