Sana'a University Journal of Human Sciences

Entrepreneurial organizations play a prominent and important role in economic life in general and in the banking sector in particular because of its impact on public life. Therefore, this study aimed to achieve a main goal, which is to measure the impact of entrepreneurship strategies in achieving advantage in Yemeni banks. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach. Data related to the field study were collected through the study population, represented by (9) Yemeni banks, through a questionnaire. The size of the study population was (1852) factors, and a sample was taken using the stratified random sampling method, representing its size (318). The most prominent results were that the level of achieving Entrepreneurship strategies in Yemeni banks with their various dimensions of (creativity, risk-taking, proactiveness) was high, and the level of achieving competitive advantage in Yemeni banks with their dimensions of (excellence, cost, flexibility, delivery) was also high. The study proved that there is a statistically significant impact of Entrepreneurship strategies on competitive advantage in Yemeni banks. The study came up with a number of recommendations, including working to enhance competitive advantage by consolidating Entrepreneurship strategies in banks.

This study aims to measure the impact of strategic leadership, with its dimensions of (strategic direction, emphasis on ethical practices, enhancing organizational culture, developing human capital, core capabilities, and implementing balanced organizational oversight), on institutional performance, which comprises dimensions of (efficiency, effectiveness, and customer focus). The study population consists of all employees with job titles (general manager, deputy general manager, administration director, deputy director of administration, department head, specialist, technician) in the institution under study, totaling (896) employees. A proportional stratified random sample of (270) individuals was selected.

To collect data, a questionnaire was designed as a tool for the study, with item scores distributed according to a seven-point Likert scale. The study data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS v.28) program, employing descriptive and inferential statistical methods to measure the study's objectives and test its hypotheses.

The study yielded several important results, including the following:

1. The results indicated a high correlation between strategic leadership and institutional performance in the General Electricity Corporation (study sample), suggesting that an increase in the practice of strategic leadership leads to an enhancement in institutional performance.
2. Additionally, the findings revealed that the combined dimensions of strategic leadership had a positive role in influencing institutional performance in the General Electricity Corporation (study sample), although the degree of influence varied for each dimension. The most influential dimension was found to be implementing balanced organizational control, while the least influential dimension was emphasizing ethical practices.

   The research aimed to identify the social, cultural, and educational negative effects of using websites from the perspective of Yemeni university students. The researcher used a survey method and administered a questionnaire to a sample of 379 male and female students from the first and fourth levels in five Yemeni universities, selected through the available sampling method. The researcher employed the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze the data. The research findings revealed significant negative effects of using websites with a mean score of 387 and a standard deviation of 535. Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences attributed to variables such as gender, academic level, and university type, except for gender in the educational negative effects of websites, favoring males.

This study examines the passage of the first hman, the nature of his living life, and the archaeological evidence, as the geographical and environmental location played a prominent role in this, as Yemen formed a link between the continents of Africa and Asia, which led to the beginning of the first human settlement movement in Yemen about one million and four

The oldest traces of human activity in Yemen date back to the Lower Paleolithic and the Middle Paleolithic, and traces of the Upper Paleolithic and Epi Paleolithic, known in the Levant as the Mesolithic, were found in a limited manner despite the difficulty of natural and human factors, in addition to the limited Research that period extensively. The analytical approach was followed to study and analyze and the comparison of that cultural evidence, which confirmed that Yemen was the home of the first humans, and the existence of a sequence and cultural development of those eras.

The research deals with forty-three new legal documents that were inscribed in Musnad script on four facades of a sandstone obelisk, documenting the marriage of 43 merchants of the Kingdom of Ma'in to foreign women, from other regions and kingdoms of the ancient world, some of which are located within the geographical scope of the Arabian Peninsula or adjacent to it, and others are located within the scope of the countries and kingdoms of the ancient Near East and the regions of the Mediterranean Sea. These documents, whose Civilized connotation and historical importance  will be studied, are presented during the period between the fifth and 2nd century BC. This is the historical era to which these documents are dated; Due to the unique picture it presents of the cultural aspect (historical, social, economic, and political) in the region, in addition to the new light it sheds on the regional map at that time.

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of a proposed healthy sports program in improving: health-related physical fitness elements, among women who do not practice sports. The research community consisted of women participating in the Eve Fitness Center for Sports Health, in the capital, Sana'a, who were registered during the first quarter of the training year 2024 AD. The research sample consisted of (10) volunteer women who met the conditions for selecting sample members. They were selected intentionally from the research community. The experimental method was used, given its suitability to the nature of this research, using the experimental design for the single sample, and following the pre- and post-measurements of the tests (Cooper: running or walking (12) minutes, forward trunk bending from lying down, bending the arms from the modified inclined prone position, forward trunk bending from long sitting, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio). After statistical processing, the research results confirmed the achievement of the research hypothesis, and the research concluded by presenting the most important recommendations, including: the necessity of benefiting from the proposed program in health and fitness centers, and encouraging women to regularly practice Exercise, for at least 45 minutes per day, most if not all days of the week.

The study aimed to examine the relationship between the reality of Intelligent leadership and the level of improvement in the job performance of the staff (academic and administrative) in faculty in the College of Education at Sana’a University. The researchers used a descriptive-analytical approach. The targeted population was the faculty at the College of Education at Sana’a University which consisted of (152). The questionnaire was used as a data collection tool and distributed to a purposeful sample of the faculties of (85) the College of Education. the result showed that intelligent leadership at the college was available at a middle level. The same was true for the level of improvement. The result showed that the availability of rational intelligence is the highest among the other types of intelligence. Spiritual intelligence came next while emotional intelligence came at the end. In addition, the result showed that there is a positive relationship between intelligent leadership and the level of improvement of the performance of the faculties. The most essential recommendations of the study include the following:

• Have a focus in improving the intelligent leadership in the Faculty of Education.
• Increase the level of practice for intelligent leader and its dimension through enhancing the organizational behaviors.
• Include an objective in the regular strategic plans and allocate required support to practice intelligent leadership at the faculty.

This research presents an analytical study of a group of architectural structures of a fortification nature, along with water facilities, as well as five new Sabaean inscriptions discovered during surveys and archaeological excavations conducted by the Social Fund for Development under the supervision of the General Organization for Antiquities and Museums in the city and fort of Thila. These findings date back to the period from the seventh century BC to the first century. The significance of these architectural structures lies in the new information they provide about the history of this city and its fortress, which had remained uncertain until recently. The collection of inscriptions discovered serves as one of the clearest pieces of evidence indicating that the history of this city and its fortress dates back to the early Sabaean period.

The research aims to shed light on an archaeological site that is one of the most important ancient Yemeni sites known in the past as (Abwa'an) and is today called (Palace of Girls). It is located southeast of Sana'a and is administratively affiliated to Dhamar Governorate .Like other ancient archaeological sites, this site suffers at the present time from the negligence and lack of interest by the relevant authorities, and it has not received a systematic scientific study, except a simple archaeological survey of the Iraqi mission, and a brief mention within the study by Ruban about the Dhumri region, which cannot be compared to the great archaeological heritage of the site. Therefore, the study is meant to come up with an archaeological scientific outcome that documents the remaining archaeological monuments in the site, which are still visible. The researcher uses the archaeological approach, based on description, analysis and comparison, in order to reveal the remnants of the architectural facilities of the site, plan them, clarify them and determine their civil functions such as the palace, military functions such as walls and towers, and water functions such as the ponds and reservoir, and monitor the geographical boundary and the cultural historical framework of the site. The research is divided into an introduction and two sections. The first section is historical and geographical. The second is devoted to the archaeological study represented by the general description of the site and the study of the civil, military and water architectural facilities of the site. The research finds that the site of Abwa'an was located within the territory of Dhumri union on the southern side that belongs to Qushum tribe and its chieftains, Bani Tharanih; it was built by Himyarite kings and chieftains, and it contains a palace that was a private resort for the residence of kings, and next to it is the area of (Khadhirat Abwa'an), which still has the same old name of the site to this day.

The study aimed to identify the prevalence of traumatic life events and the nature of the level of post-traumatic stress disorder among a sample of students at Sana’a University، and to identify differences in post-traumatic stress disorder according to the variable of frequency of traumatic events and the variable of gender. The researcher used the descriptive approach، and the sample consisted of (555) Male and female students from the College of Arts and Humanities and the College of Science were selected by a stratified random method. The researcher used The Life Events Checklist and The PTSD Checklist. The results showed that an event such as “living in a war zone” occurred directly to (53.5%)، and he indicated (94.4%) of the sample were exposed to traumatic life events، and (81.6%) of them were directly exposed to a traumatic event. The results showed that (48.1%) of the sample were at the moderate level of post-traumatic stress disorder، and (29.6%) were at the high level.، and (4.6%) in the severe level، and the results showed that there are statistically significant differences on the post-traumatic stress disorder list according to the variable of repetition of the traumatic event، in favor of students who have experienced (3 or more) a traumatic event in the total score and sub-domains with the exception of the avoidance domain. Also، there are no statistically significant differences in the total list of PTSD symptoms and sub-domains according to the gender variable.

This study aimed to investigate the psychological and cognitive difficulties encountered by undergraduate Yemeni students during simultaneous interpreting (SI) sessions. Data from 30 Yemeni undergraduate trainee students, in SI classes, at the Department of English and Translation from al-Qalam University for Humanities & Applied Sciences, Ibb City, Yemen, and the National University, Ibb Branch, Yemen were observed, recorded, collected, and analyzed quantitatively, descriptively and qualitatively within the framework of approaches and models of SI discussed in this study. The study at hand uncovered the most prominent psychological and cognitive difficulties faced by students during the process of SI tasks which were difficulties in listening comprehension, memory, language production, processing speed, management of attention, anxiety and stress, cognitive load management, self-regulation, problem-solving, motivation and persistence. The implications for educational practices, interventions, and supporting mechanisms were recommended to enhance students’ performance. Finally, the study concluded with some suggestions for future research aiming to contribute to the advancement of interpreter training programs and the understanding of psychological and cognitive processes in simultaneous processing tasks.

   The research aims to identify the nature of the tendency toward mental illness among university students in light of the repercussions of the war in Yemen. The researchers adopted the measure of the tendency toward mental illness prepared by (Umm Hani، et al.، 2024)، and the research sample consisted of (401) male and female students، who were chosen. Randomly from Yemeni universities (government/private)، the results of the research showed that the sample members of university students had positive attitudes towards mental illness to a high degree. The results also showed that there were no differences in the attitude of university students towards mental illness according to the variable of gender and university، and there were also differences. In the direction of university students towards mental illness according to the specialization variable، in favor of psychology students in a positive direction with a high degree. In light of the results، the researchers presented a number of relevant recommendations.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the European Foundation for Quality Management Excellence Model (EFQM-EM) in terms of the executional excellence practices (EEPs) on organizational performance (OP) in the mobile network operators (MNOs) in Yemen, and analyze the mediating role of knowledge application (KAp) in this relationship. A quantitative approach was adopted to explore this relationship and study the conceptual model. A survey was developed to gather empirical data and distributed to mid and high-level management participants across four MNOs. A total of 219 questionnaires were valid for analysis with a response rate of 86 percent. This study employed the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to validate the research model through SmartPLS software. The results showed a significant impact of EEPs on OP, and a complementary mediation by KAp in the relationship between the EEPs and OP. The findings indicate that KAp promote the impact of the EEPs on OP. The findings indicate the importance of aligning knowledge application with high performance enablers, i.e., the excellence practices.  The study elucidates that executive excellence practices require knowledge application practices to enhance organizational performance.

In order to emphasize the importance of grammar and syntax in comprehending the verses of the Holy Qur'an, the research attempts to determine the processes used to derive jurisprudential rulings from the Qur'anic verses and the relationship between that and syntax. It does this by applying the study to two verses of the rulings. Descriptive analytical methodology was employed by the researcher.

The primary source for all sciences is the Noble Qur’an. Jurisprudential rulings are one of the sciences that are derived from the Noble Qur’an because it serves as the initial framework for legislation and the derivation of such rulings. The verses from which rulings are derived may explicitly mention the ruling or may require the application of consideration and thought. Additionally, as the Qur’an is written in Arabic, the researcher (mujtahid) and jurists need to be proficient in language and syntax, since language allows one to infer the meaning intended by the verses. The researcher discovered a strong correlation between the variations in language and syntax used by jurists to derive rulings from the Qur’anic text and the variations in syntax and its various aspects, which in turn account for variations in rulings derived from the verses. The researcher studied two verses from Abu Hayyan Al-Andalusi's book Al-Bahr Al-Muhit that dealt with divorce rulings. Moreover, the researcher searched jurisprudence books from various schools of jurisprudence and explained how jurists' reliance on language and its rules affects how they derive their jurisprudential rulings. The researcher's findings then included the following: syntax and jurisprudential rulings are closely related because syntax aids in comprehending and extrapolating the meanings of Sharia texts; language and grammar rules served the Holy Qur'an and aided in its understanding.

This research aims to elucidate how the rules of Arabic inflection (I’iraab) contribute to highlighting the intended meaning in Surah Yusuf. It explores the varying ways in which meaning is emphasized through different inflectional patterns. Both descriptive and analytical methods were adopted, as they are suitable for such studies. The significance of this research lies in its analysis of the Quranic text to reveal the role of Arabic inflectional (I’iraab) rules in conveying the intended meaning. The reason for choosing this topic is the abundance of diverse and dynamic narrative in Surah Yusuf, which motivated the researcher to study the meaning through the rules of Arabic inflection (I’iraab). The scope of the research is limited to the Quran, specifically the verses of Surah Yusuf. The study involved a careful examination of these verses were their inflectional structures, as well as consulting works on Quranic inflection (I’iraab), interpretations, and Arabic grammar (Nahw) textbooks as needed.

The research is divided into three sections preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. The first section delves into the concept of Arabic inflection (I’iraab), the second section explores the impact of accusative (nasb) cases on conveying meaning, and the third section examines the effect of various grammatical issues on meaning. The research concludes that Arabic inflection (I’iraab) serves to clarify the intended meanings conveyed by words, and that Arabic inflection (I’iraab) is a branch of meaning. The research highlights the significance of Arabic inflection (I’iraab) for distinguishing between meanings that are identical in form, and for identifying the predicate, which is the foundation of speech. It also demonstrates the benefits of Arabic inflection (I’iraab), including clarifying meaning, eliminating ambiguity, and enhancing expression. The research shows that both ancient and modern scholars have acknowledged that Arabic inflection (I’iraab) is not limited to words but also serves as an indicator of meaning. The study of Surah Yusuf reveals that the expression, clarification, and implication of meaning vary according to different inflectional patterns.

The study aims to explore the presence of gemstone therapy in its various forms in Yemen, emphasizing the significance of using gemstones for therapeutic purposes. It identifies locations where these gemstones can be found and outlines their potential benefits for treating a wide range of physical and spiritual ailments across different age groups. The findings indicate that Yemenis primarily utilize gemstones for decorative purposes, often unaware of their therapeutic properties. Furthermore, the research uncovers the existence of healers who use gemstones in Yemen, albeit on a limited scale.

The researcher notes that gemstone therapy has roots in Islamic tradition, with historical precedents for using gemstones in treatment. Additionally, the researcher references several foreign studies that address this topic.

The researcher also clarifies the formal legal stance on gemstone therapy, which is based on the religious principle that if a treatment's therapeutic benefits are established both religiously and scientifically through experimentation—and if it serves the legitimate purpose of preserving human life—then seeking such treatment is not only permissible but may also be obligatory.

The study presents several findings, including that Yemeni agate, in its various colors, is among the finest types of agate globally. Gemstones, particularly agate, are noted for their therapeutic benefits, addressing the underlying causes of diseases rather than merely alleviating symptoms.

Lastly, the researcher offers a series of recommendations and suggestions that underscore the importance of gemstone therapy and calls for further research in this field.

The research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a training program based on the SWOM model in developing the self-efficacy of student teachers in the Department of Islamic Studies Curricula at the College of Education, Sana’a.  The research used the quasi-experimental approach, and the study sample consisted of (20) male and female students (teachers) who answered the effectiveness scale before and after applying the training program, and the tools were the self-efficacy scale, the training program, which took (22) training sessions. The research results showed: the presence of statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.000) between the average scores of the experimental group members in the pre- and post-applications of the effectiveness scale, and the differences were in the direction of the post-applications. The results also showed that the program based on the SWOM model was highly effective in developing self-efficacy among members of the experimental group of student teachers in the Department of Islamic Studies Curriculum at the College of Education, Sana’a, as the value of the adjusted gain percentage for the size of effectiveness at the level of the tool as a whole in the self-efficacy scale reached (1.3)., which is a value greater than the ratio (1.2) that Black specified for great effectiveness.

The study aims to build a program based on active learning and measure its effectiveness in developing creative writing skills among first-year secondary school students in Sana’a Governorate. The study employs a quasi-experimental design with two groups: an experimental group and a control group. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher prepared a list of creative writing skills suitable for first-year secondary school students and developed a test to measure these skills. Additionally, the researcher created a program based on active learning utilizing the numbered heads strategy. The study sample consists of (60) students divided into two groups: one control group with (30) students who studied using traditional methods, and one experimental group with (30) students who learned through the numbered heads strategy. All members of the study sample participated in a pre-test and a post-test for creative writing skills. The results indicate that there was a statistically significant difference at the significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-application of the creative writing test, favoring the experimental group. In light of these findings, the study concludes with several recommendations.

The research aims to read the tax on the transfer of real estate ownership in the Republic of Yemen, as the Yemeni legislator in Income Tax Law No. (17) of 2010 and its amendments, has set texts regulating the imposition of this tax, its validity, calculation, responsibility for paying it and exemption from it, as well as what relates to the procedures for registering real estate in the Real Estate Registry Law, as the study attempts to extract treatments for any problem related to the tax on the transfer of real estate ownership, or what relates to the problem of its registration. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach, and the study reached a number of results, perhaps the most important of which is the failure to increase the tax revenue for the real estate disposal and sales tax in a satisfactory manner despite the prosperity of the construction and building sector, the lack of a comprehensive inventory of real estate on an ongoing basis, the weakness in coordination between the Tax Authority and some parties related to the real estate sector, and that real estate is one of the important factors in economic and social development in countries, in addition to the importance of the real estate registration system in order to achieve stability in real estate transactions. Based on these results, the study reached some recommendations, including the formation of a committee from all relevant parties that are linked to the subject of transferring real estate ownership and registering it to develop urgent and decisive solutions to all problems. Related to real estate transactions, and conducting further studies on the reasons for the weak payment of real estate transfer tax and its non-registration in the country's real estate registry, and full compliance with the provisions of the law regarding the registration process, and the necessity of submitting a copy of the tax payment document on the transfer of real estate ownership before registering it, and updating the infrastructure of the Tax Authority, especially real estate, and eliminating the random estimation of the number of real estate properties in Yemen.

The concept of terrorism has been a topic of debate and controversy. This research paper addresses the terrorism presented by Sayyid Hussein Badr Addin Al-Houthi, focusing on the Quranic texts that discuss it. According to the Holy Quran to prepare against them whatever you are able of power and steeds of war by which you may terrify the enemy of Allah and your enemy and others besides them whom you do not know but whom Allah knows and whatever you spend in the cause of Allah will be fully repaid to you, and you will not be wronged^[1]. Sayyid Hussien Al-Houthi identifies America and Israel as the main practitioners of terrorism against Arab states, particularly after the 11th September 2001 attacks on the United States by American Intelligence and Mossad. He expresses that Al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden and his followers were used by America as a justification for controlling and occupying countries under the guise of counter-terrorism. He warns that America has spread a culture that deviates from the Quranic learning and idolizes Western culture. America attempts to prove, through social media and its affiliated organizations, that Muslims are terrorists. This leads to the promotion of the false idea that Islam is synonymous with terrorism, while in reality, it seeks to develop and liberate Arab countries from terrorism. The role of America as the political, military, and economic supporter of Israel's terrorism, which has resulted in the deaths of thousands of Palestinians, including women and children, should not be overlooked. Some Arab leaders have even normalized and made peace with Israel, despite the Holy Quran warning Muslims not to take the Jews and the Christians as allies, they are allies of one another, and whoever is an ally to them among you - then indeed, he is one of them, Allah guides not the wrongdoing people^[2]. Therefore, Sayyid Hussein Al-Houthi emphasizes the importance of the slogan^[3] including the hostility towards America and Israel and victory for Islam. American terrorists wage the brutal aggression against Yemen, resulting in the deaths of thousands of innocent women and children and the destruction of their homes. America fails to realize that its involvement in the United States-Saudi aggression has played a major role in awakening Muslims to the true nature of terrorism in their countries.

[1]  Anfal: 60 verse

[2]  Maeda: 51verse

[3]  Slogan: (Allah is the greatest, death to America, damn to Jews, and victory to Islam)

In times of crisis, organizations implement various strategies to repair their image and protect their reputation. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the image repair strategies employed by the Yemeni Ministry of Public Health and Population in response to a health crisis involving the deaths of children with leukemia at Kuwait Hospital in Sana'a. Utilizing Benoit's image repair theory and a qualitative analysis approach, the findings reveal that the Ministry adopted seven strategies to restore its image. Notably, the Ministry successfully implemented several strategies that were appropriate for the nature of the health crisis, including the strategy of shifting blame to an external party, which it supported with persuasive techniques. Additionally, the Ministry effectively utilized strategies such as Defeasibility, Bolstering, and Minimization.

Conversely, the Yemeni Ministry of Public Health and Population undertook some corrective actions that were inconsistent with the blame-shifting strategy. As a result, the study recommends that organizations facing health crises carefully select corrective actions and ensure their alignment with other strategies. Furthermore, the study offers recommendations for health organizations that may encounter similar crises.

The study aimed to explore how Yemeni women (the research sample) use social media and its relationship to fulfilling their social needs. It employed the Uses and Gratifications Theory and relied on the media survey methodology, applying a questionnaire to a purposive sample of Yemeni women aged 18 and above, comprising 717 participants.

Key findings revealed a high rate of social media usage among respondents, with WhatsApp ranking first, followed by Facebook and YouTube. Ritualistic motives, such as connecting with family and friends and passing leisure time, ranked highest, while utilitarian motives like learning new skills ranked lower. Activities like job searching and promoting goods or services ranked even lower. Respondents showed a strong interest in social, health, and artistic topics, engaging in activities such as following, commenting, and skill acquisition, while content creation (e.g., establishing groups or channels) was less common.

The study confirmed that social media significantly contributed to meeting most societal needs of Yemeni women, including learning new skills, enhancing academic and professional capacities, staying updated on local and global events, and breaking free from restrictive social and cultural norms. Furthermore, findings indicated a statistically significant correlation between the frequency of social media use and the extent to which societal needs were met.