Khat Chewing and Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated with Helicobacter pylori Infection Among Adults with Dyspepsia in Sana’a, Yemen: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Helicobacter pylori is a widespread gastric pathogen associated with various gastrointestinal disorders. In Yemen, khat chewing is a common social practice; however, its association with H. pylori infection remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection among khat chewers and non-chewers in Sana’a, Yemen, and to identify associated risk factors.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 100 adults presenting with dyspeptic symptoms at healthcare facilities in Sana’a between June and December 2021. Participants were interviewed about their demographic characteristics, khat chewing, dietary habits, and other lifestyle factors. Stool samples were collected and tested for H. pylori antigen using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The association between H. pylori infection and potential risk factors was evaluated statistically.

Results: H. pylori was detected in 25% of patients with dyspeptic symptoms, with infection rate being significantly higher among khat chewers (33%) than among non-chewers (16%) (p = 0.049). Spicy food consumption and high coffee intake were significantly associated with infection. In contrast, no significant associations were found with water source, smoking, or educational level. Although symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and loss of appetite were frequently reported, none showed a statistically significant association with H. pylori infection.

Conclusion: Khat chewing, spicy food consumption, and frequent coffee consumption appear to increase the risk of H. pylori infection among adults with dyspeptic symptoms in Sana’a. These findings highlight the importance of addressing local habits for the prevention and management of H. pylori infection.