Prevalence and factors associated with visual impairment among medical students in a university setting in Sana'a City, Yemen

Abstract

Background and Aims: Visual impairment (VI) is a significant public health issue, especially in low-resource and conflict-affected regions like Yemen. VI affects academic performance, well-being, and future prospects, particularly among university students. Despite its impact, data on VI among medical students in Yemen are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of VI and identify associated factors among medical students in Sana’a, Yemen.

Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2023 among 152 medical students in the fourth to sixth academic levels at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences in Sana’a University. A proportionate stratified sampling technique was used, with systematic random selection. Data were collected via a structured, self-administered questionnaire covering demographics, visual health, and selected behavioral factors. Visual acuity was measured using a Snellen chart to determine the presence and severity of VI. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests at a p-value < 0.05.

Results: Of the 152 medical students assessed, 28.9% were diagnosed with VI, although 57.9% reported having visual difficulties. Only 40.1% used corrective measures such as glasses, and 13.2% had concurrent eye conditions. More than half of students reported experiencing VI for 6 to 10 years. Mild VI was most prevalent (50%), followed by moderate (43.2%) and severe VI (6.8%). Higher VI rates were observed among female students, those from lower-income households, and students studying more than 10 hours daily compared to their counterparts, but these differences were not statistically significant. On the other hand, the presence of a pre-existing history of low vision before university enrollment was significantly associated with VI [odds ratio = 3.9, 95% confidence interval: 1.81–8.46; p = 0.001), while other factors showed no significant associations.

Conclusion: VI is a common health problem among medical students in Sana'a, with a substantial proportion reporting long-standing symptoms and underuse of corrective measures. A history of low vision prior to university enrollment is significantly associated with VI status among medical students. Implementing regular screening and targeted interventions, especially for students with pre-existing conditions, could improve academic outcomes and long-term quality of life