Current Issue

Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026)

2026-02-28

10 Articles

The fourth volume – the second issue in the Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

Article

8 Articles

Schematic diagram of chemometrics- spectrophotometric overview [30]

Chemometric-Assisted UV Spectrophotometric Determination of Metronidazole and Diloxanide Furoate in Binary Pharmaceutical Formulations

Moneer M. Al-Gadh, Anas Al-Nadhary , Mahfoudh M Al-Hamadi, Maher Ali. Almaqtari

1640-1655

2026-02-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i2.2481

Abstract

This study introduces simple, rapid, accurate, precise, and environmentally friendly spectrophotometric approaches for the simultaneous determination of Metronidazole (MNZ) and Diloxanide Furoate (DLF) in laboratory-prepared mixtures and combined pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method employs the Partial Least Squares (PLS) chemometric technique, which successfully eliminates the need for prior chemical separation steps. This approach aligns with Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) principles, offering a significantly greener alternative by avoiding the consumption of hazardous organic solvents and reducing overall analysis time and waste generation compared to the established High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) reference. Calibration models were developed over concentration ranges of 8-24 μg mL for MNZ and 3-12 μg/mL for DLF. Spectral data for 25 mixtures containing varying ratios of both drugs were recorded in the range of 240-320 nm. The PLS model demonstrated significant superiority and robustness in resolving the severe spectral overlap between the two analytes and effectively managing the complexity of the pharmaceutical matrix, a challenge that compromises conventional univariate methods. The developed methodology was fully validated according to ICH guidelines, exhibiting excellent linearity, precision, and accuracy. Mean percentage recoveries for MNZ and DLF in the pharmaceutical formulation were found to be highly satisfactory, indicating minimal matrix interference.

Keywords

Metronidazole Diloxanide Furoate Spectrophotometric methods Chemometric technique Validation

Attacks Detection Model Based on a Machine Learning Algorithm

Essra Abd wazkool, Abdulrahman A. Alsabri, Suad Mohammed Othman

1656-1664

2026-02-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i2.2270

Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

An Overview and Impact Analysis of AI Tools in Academic Research, Learning, and Educational Performance

Jehan Wajeh Almaqtari, Emad Alramada, Ayman Alsabry

1665-1681

2026-02-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i2.1921

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping academic practice across research and learning. To address fragmented evidence, this review aims to (i) map commonly used academic AI tools, (ii) synthesize reported effects on research and learning performance, and (iii) outline risks and governance needs. We conducted a qualitative content analysis using publicly available “materials,” including official tool documentation and websites, major academic databases , and user reports; records were screened for relevance to higher education and research, data were charted on features, use-cases, and ethical considerations, and tools were categorized into five domains: AI writing assistants; literature-review & citation tools; data analysis & visualization; productivity & organization; and learning & tutoring. Main results show comparative feature tables that support tool selection and consistent benefit signals: higher research efficiency and writing support, and within education—greater engagement and personalization; persistent risks include academic integrity, privacy, bias, and over-reliance, implying the need for clear governance and assessment design. Verification relied on human fact-checking against primary sources and consistency checks across categories; the review is exploratory and descriptive and doesnot include benchmarking or controlled experiments.

Keywords

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Academic Research Educational Technology AI Tools in Learning Student Performance Research Productivity AI in Higher Education Adaptive Learning Plagiarism Detection Writing Assistance Tools

Numerical simulation in 3D using logarithmic func- tion kernel.

Efficient Numerical Method for Solving a Cancer Tumor Model Governed by Fractional Partial Differential Equations Involving the ψ-Caputo derivative

Seham Al-Mekhlafi

1682-1693

2026-02-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i2.2576

The Efficiency of Water Resources use and its Impact in Achieving Sustainable Agricultural Development in Yemen During the Period (2000–2023)

Hamid Abdullah Ali Alsamhari, Khaled Kassem Kaid Saleh

1694-1723

2026-02-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i2.2116

Abstract

Water resources in Yemen constitute a critical determinant for achieving sustainable agricultural development; however, the country confronts substantial challenges stemming from severe deterioration in the economic efficiency of water utilization, resulting in aquifer depletion and widening resource-demand disparities. This research aims to analyze water resource conditions and their implications for sustainable agricultural development (2000–2023), employing descriptive-analytical methodology and econometric approaches based on official data. Findings confirm Yemen's classification among the world's most water-scarce nations, with per capita renewable water availability of 58 m³ annually—substantially below the absolute water scarcity threshold (500 m³)—demonstrating statistically significant annual decline of 3.01%. Analysis reveals structural imbalances in water resource management, in which the agricultural sector appropriates over 90% of resources, exerting immense pressure on groundwater reserves depleting beyond natural recharge rates while contributing merely 8% to GDP. Water use efficiency stands at USD 9.24/m³, below global averages, with water stress levels exceeding safe thresholds by 169.76%. Econometric analysis demonstrates a strong inverse correlation (r = -0.958) with statistical significance between water use efficiency and prevalence of undernourishment, whereby the model attributes 93.4% of undernourishment variance to agricultural water efficiency and per capita GDP. The crisis intensifies due to qat cultivation expansion (26.8% of irrigated lands in 2023), juxtaposed with limited modern irrigation technology adoption (14% only). The research recommends formulating and enforcing comprehensive water policies, implementing effective pricing mechanisms, expanding sustainable agriculture practices, and regulating water-intensive crop cultivation to ensure optimal water utilization, food security achievement, and sustainable agricultural development.

Keywords

Water Resources use Efficiency digital technologies Yemen contemporary architecture

توزيع المبحوثين طبقاَ لمتوسط الاستمرار في تبني واستخدام التقانات الحديثة

Modern Agricultural Technology Adoption Among Tomato Farmers in Dhamar and Ibb Governorates, Yemen

Muhammad Muhammad Yahya Daws, Taha Yassin Al-Adimi, Ali Qasim Ismail

1724-1740

2026-02-28

DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i2.1814

Abstract

This study aims to assess the level of adoption of modern agricultural technologies among tomato farmers in Dhamar and Ibb governorates in the Republic of Yemen during the period 2023–2024, and to identify the key factors influencing this adoption. A social survey method was employed, and data were collected from a purposive sample of 150 farmers using a validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques through SPSS and Excel, including frequencies, percentages, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that 78% of the farmers adopted improved hybrid varieties and modern irrigation networks, while 75% applied recommended fertilization practices. Despite the relatively high initial adoption rates, the continuity of use declined sharply, particularly for modern irrigation (5.1%) and integrated pest management (10%). The overall adoption level was found to be low, with 45.4% of respondents classified within the low-adoption category, compared to only 19.3% with a high level of adoption. The findings indicated statistically significant correlations at the 0.05 level between adoption degree and each of the following variables: production of improved varieties, fertilizer requirements, and water requirements. Conversely, no significant relationship was found between adoption and either disease incidence or general benefit from the technology. Multiple regression analysis showed that the studied technical variables explained only a small portion of the variation in adoption (R² = 0.035), suggesting that additional socio-economic, educational, and extension-related factors may play a stronger role. The study concludes that adoption of modern technologies among tomato farmers remains limited and faces several constraints. It recommends strengthening agricultural extension services, providing financial and technical support, enhancing farmer training programs, and improving access to resources in order to increase technology adoption and ensure sustainable improvement in tomato productivity in Yemen.

Keywords

Agricultural techniques Agricultural extension Tomato crop productivity Yemen.

Root Causes of Disputes in Construction Projects Implemented by Foreign Companies in Yemen

Akram Fadhel Murshed AL-Matari, Abdulmalek Hazza Al-Jolahy, Fadhl Ali Al-Nozaily

1741-1750

2026-02-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i2.2227

Abstract

Disputes in construction projects pose a major challenge worldwide, particularly in fragile environments such as Yemen, where they often disrupt key infrastructure development. This study examines the root causes of disputes in foreign-led construction projects in Yemen, using a mixed-methods approach that integrates quantitative and qualitative data. A structured questionnaire was distributed to 212 professionals (199 valid responses), and semi-structured interviews were conducted with five senior Yemeni experts. Nineteen dispute-related variables were analyzed in five dimensions: technical, contractual, administrative, operational, and behavioral. Statistical analyses using SPSS (t-tests and ANOVA) confirmed that all the dimensions were significant and interrelated. The results identified unclear contract clauses, delayed payments, weak coordination, and cultural gaps as the primary dispute triggers. The triangulated findings validate the reliability of the results. The study concludes that disputes arise from multiple interlinked factors and recommends stronger contract governance, effective communication, and proactive project management to minimize disputes in Yemen’s construction sector.

Keywords

Disputes Foreign Contractors Construction Technical Payment Delays Yemen Mixed-methods

Overlay chromatograms of Na-Alg, Na-MP, and Na-PP at different levels

Development and Validation of a Stability-Indicating HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Sodium Alginate and Parabens in Pharmaceutical Oral Suspensions

Ahmed Y. M. Al-Saggier , Anass A. Alnedhary , Fatima A. Murshed

1751-1765

2026-02-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i2.2311

Abstract

A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of sodium alginate (Na Alg), sodium methylparaben (Na-MP), and sodium propylparaben (Na-PP) in oral suspension formulations. This method addresses the need for reliable quality control of complex pharmaceutical matrices. Separation was achieved on an Ultisil XB-CN(Cyanopropyl) column at 40 °C, using an isocratic mobile phase composed of 0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 5.2) and acetonitrile (80:20, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, with detection at 210 nm. The method was validated in accordance with the ICH Q2(R1) and USP guidelines to assess linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness. The technique demonstrated excellent linearity (R² > 0.9998) over the concentration ranges of 10–1500, 1–150, and 0.16–24 μg/mL for Na-Alg, Na-MP, and Na-PP, respectively. The validation results showed high accuracy expressed as recovery (98.65–101.88%) across the tested concentration range of 50% to 150%, precision (%RSD < 1.9%), and sensitivity (LODs: 5.30, 0.038, and 0.062 μg/mL; LOQs: 17.65, 0.127, and 0.207 μg/mL) for Na-Alg, Na MP, and Na-PP, respectively. The degradation products were successfully resolved from the analytes, thereby confirming the specificity of the method. The developed HPLC method used to analyze 34 commercial alginate suspension samples was highly precise (%RSD < 1.5%) and accurate (94.66%–105.20% recovery). It reliably quantified Na-Alg and preservatives (Na-MP and Na-PP), with results consistently matching the label claims. This robust method is suitable for routine quality control and stability testing, and effectively combines regulatory compliance with practical pharmaceutical analysis.

Keywords

Sodium Alginate Parabens Stability-indicating HPLC Method Validation ICH guidelines Quality Control Oral Suspensions

Review

2 Articles

A Review on Recent Advancements in Blockchain Technology for Secure Electronic Certificates

Nawal A. Alragwi, Ammar T. Zahary

1766-1780

2026-02-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i2.2264

Abstract

Blockchain technology is rapidly evolving, driving advancements in various sectors, most notably in securing academic credentials against forgery. Despite the critical need for tamperproof certificates, consensus remains limited regarding the most secure, cost-effective, and scalable issuance models. To address this gap, a systematic literature review was conducted, meticulously analyzing 24 practical blockchain-based credentialing models published between 2018 and 2024. The quantitative analysis revealed a significant platform dichotomy: 50% of the reviewed models utilize Ethereum, while 25% rely on Hyperledger Fabric. These architectural split highlights a fundamental critical trade-off between the desire for absolute decentralization and Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) and the necessity for high operational efficiency and low transaction costs. The review concludes that the primary methodological barrier to widespread institutional adoption is the critical absence of empirical quantitative performance data (such as throughput, latency, and actual operational costs) across the current literature. Consequently, the study advocates for future research to focus on developing Hybrid Architectures that can effectively reconcile the core principles of decentralized trust with the demanding efficiency requirements of large educational bodies.

Keywords

Blockchain Technology Electronic Education Electronic Certificate Smart Contracts LMS Cryptographic

Mechanisms of Probiotics in Poultry Gut Health

Probiotics as an Alternative to Antibiotics in Poultry

Kawther Hkeem Ibrahem

1781-1786

2026-02-28

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DOI: 10.59628/jast.v4i2.2245

Sana'a University Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology

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