Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles Using Rumex nervosus Flower and Fruit Extracts
Green nanobiotechnology represents a sustainable and cost-effective platform for synthesizing metallic nanoparticles using biologically driven mechanisms. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized for the first time using methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Rumex nervosus flowers and fruits. Phytochemical profiling confirmed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and related secondary metabolites in R.nervosus flower and fruit extracts, which served as intrinsic reducing and stabilizing agents for AgNP synthesis. The formation of Silver Nanoparticles was indicated by a distinct color transition and further verified by ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy, which revealed characteristic surface plasmon resonance. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated notable shifts in the O–H, C=O, C–O, and C–N vibrational bands in the extracts, confirming their involvement in metal ion reduction and capping. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a face-centered cubic crystalline structure with an average crystallite diameter ranging from 20.7–23.9 nm. Antioxidant evaluation via the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay showed that AgNPs exhibited superior radical-scavenging capacity compared to crude extracts, with methanolic AgNPs demonstrating the highest activity (91.69%). Antimicro- bial testing revealed that ethanolic AgNPs displayed significant inhibitory activity against gram-negative bacteria, whereas methanolic AgNPs showed negligible effects owing to enhanced nanoparticle stabilization and reduced Ag + availability. These results highlight that R. nervosus is an effective biomediator for AgNP formation with promising antioxidant and antibacterial applications.
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