The Role of Probiotics in Human Health: A Review

الملخص

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. In recent years, they have drawn widespread interest due to their holistic influence on human well-being. These helpful bacteria — predominantly from Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces genera — are vital to preserving gut microbiota equilibrium, enhancing digestive well-being, and fortifying the immune system. Probiotics help prevent and treat conditions of the intestine, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diarrhea, and constipation, by increasing intestinal walls function, regulating inflammation, and rival with harmful microbes. Apart from their digestive benefits, probiotics have been linked with a range of systemic benefits. They are also beneficial for metabolic health, as they help keep blood sugar levels steady, improve insulin sensitivity, and decrease inflammation associated with obesity. There are also investigations into their impact on cardiovascular health, with studies indicating potential advantages in cholesterol reduction, optimization of blood pressure, and enhancement of endothelial function. Also, studies conducted on gut-brain axis indicate that probiotics might help improve mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression and stress & the related disorders after modulating the neurotransmitters modulation and reduced systemic inflammation. Probiotics also ferment dietary fibres and create short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (like butyrate) which are energy sources for intestinal cells and decrease inflammation. While their effects are promising, several challenges remain in clinical applicability including strain specificity, dosage, delivery route and variability in individual microbiota